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591.
Assessment of the Global and Regional Land Hydrosphere and Its Impact on the Balance of the Geophysical Excitation Function of Polar Motion 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The impact of continental hydrological loading from land water, snow and ice on polar motion excitation, calculated as hydrological angular momentum (HAM), is difficult to estimate, and not as much is known about it as about atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and oceanic angular momentum (OAM). In this paper, regional hydrological excitations to polar motion are investigated using monthly terrestrial water storage data derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission and from the five models of land hydrology. The results show that the areas where the variance shows large variability are similar for the different models of land hydrology and for the GRACE data. Areas which have a small amplitude on the maps make an important contribution to the global hydrological excitation function of polar motion. The comparison of geodetic residuals and global hydrological excitation functions of polar motion shows that none of the hydrological excitation has enough energy to significantly improve the agreement between the observed geodetic excitation and geophysical ones. 相似文献
592.
This paper analyses the possibility of using integrated GPS (Global Positioning System) surveys and ground penetrating radar surveys to precisely locate damages to levees, particularly due to the activity of small fossorial mammals. The technology of intercommunication between ground penetrating radar (GPR) and an RTK (Real-Time Kinematic) survey unit, and the method of data combination, are presented. The errors which may appear during the survey work are also characterized. The procedure for processing the data so that the final results have a spatial character and are ready to be implemented in digital maps and geographic information systems (GIS) is also described. 相似文献
593.
Adam Kozioł 《Acta Geophysica》2015,63(2):514-532
Experimental research was undertaken to investigate the changes in scales of turbulent eddies (macro- and microeddies) in a compound channel and the influence of rigid, emergent floodplain vegetation on scales of turbulent eddies. The results of eight tests for different roughness conditions (smooth bed, rough bed) and with a tree system on the floodplains from two earlier studies are presented. The increase of the channel roughness resulted in a decrease of longitudinal sizes of macroeddies in the whole channel. Trees on the floodplains resulted in disintegration of the sizes of macroeddies, making values of sizes more uniform. A more significant decreasing influence on sizes of macroeddies in the whole channel was exerted by an increase of the main channel sloping bank roughness, having a higher effect than a twofold decrease in the floodplain trees density. The microeddies’ sizes are larger in the main channel centreline than on the floodplains and the smallest ones were present in the main channel/floodplain interface. 相似文献
594.
Rafał Kroczak Joanna Fidelus-Orzechowska Anna Bucała-Hrabia Tomasz Bryndal 《山地科学学报》2018,15(12):2561-2578
Land use and land cover (LULC) changes and their impact on the mountain environment were studied in six catchments (~10 km2 each) in the Polish Western Carpathians from the mid-19th century to the early 21st century. The analysis of cadastral and orthophoto maps indicates that during the investigated period, the forest area increased, quantified by an annual change index (Annch), between +0.12% to +0.27%, with a decrease of arable land index to–0.45% and–2.28% in the analysed catchments. LULC changes were accompanied by a continuous increase in settlement developments (residential and farming houses) by 50%-140% as well as significant changes related to their spatial distribution. Abandonment of arable land and forest succession have resulted in the geomorphological transformation of hillslopes, which predominantly includes a decrease in used road density, their transformation to road cuts and gorges. Overpopulation and the domination agriculture in the past caused the expansion of unpaved roads density and then the fragmentation of hillslopes, as well as the development of agricultural terraces. 相似文献
595.
Outbursts and variations of brightness are well known manifestations of the physical activity of the comets. Most cometary outbursts are recorded not very far from the Sun, where sublimation of water ice plays a major role in the activity of this celestial bodies. However, comets sometimes show physical activity far from the Sun, where the rate of water ice sublimation is small. Also a special kind of small bodies, i.e. centaurs sometimes show strong physical activity far from the Sun. The paper is based on the idea that the nuclei of centaurs may contain numerous cavities that are filled with gas under pressure and debris of cometary material. Numerical simulations were carried out for realistically assumed values of a wide range of physical parameters of centaurs. The obtained results are consistent with the observations of the physical activity of these celestial bodies. 相似文献
596.
Daniel T. Britt Kevin M. Cannon Kerri Donaldson Hanna Joanna Hogancamp Olivier Poch Pierre Beck Dayl Martin Jolantha Escrig Lydie Bonal Philip T. Metzger 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2019,54(9):2067-2082
A set of high‐fidelity simulated asteroid materials, or simulants, was developed based on the mineralogy of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Three varieties of simulant were developed based on CI1 chondrites (typified by Orgueil), CM2 chondrites (typified by Murchison), and CR2/3 chondrites (multiple samples). The simulants were designed to replicate the mineralogy and physical properties of the corresponding meteorites and anticipated asteroid surface materials as closely as is reasonably possible for bulk amounts. The simulants can be made in different physical forms ranging from larger cobbles to fine‐grained regolith. We analyzed simulant prototypes using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, reflectance spectroscopy at ambient conditions and in vacuum, thermal emission spectroscopy in a simulated asteroid environment chamber, and combined thermogravimetry and evolved gas analysis. Most measured properties compare favorably to the reference meteorites and therefore to predicted volatile‐rich asteroid surface materials, including boulders, cobbles, and fine‐grained soils. However, there were also discrepancies, and mistakes were made in the original mineral formulations that will be updated in the future. The asteroid simulants are available to the community from the nonprofit Exolith Lab at UCF, and the mineral recipes are freely published for other groups to reproduce and modify as they see fit. 相似文献
597.
Mineralogy and Petrology - The results of the new Electron Microprobe Analysis of apatite, hornblende and biotite crystals of the hornblende-biotite variety of the Strzegom-Sobótka granite... 相似文献
598.
Ito equations are derived for simple stochastic cellular automaton with parameters describing efficiencies for avalanche triggering
and cell occupation. Analytical results are compared with the numerical one obtained from the histogram method. Good agreement
for various parameters supports the wide applicability of the Ito equation as a macroscopic model of some cellular automata
and complex natural phenomena which manifest random energy release. Also, the paper is an example of effectiveness of histogram
procedure as an adequate method of nonlinear modeling of time series. 相似文献
599.
Bogusław M. Domański 《Acta Geophysica》2010,58(2):174-194
The singular integral equations method makes it possible to determine a general analytical solution to the problem of a crack
subjected to any stresses, including singular ones. The singularity of stresses means that they tend to infinity in the concentration
point. In exponential functions describing this relationship, the exponent characterizes the stress curvature growth. Also
the energy released by crack opening can be described by a simple analytical formula. The problem is solvable for an exponent
greater than −1. The class of all the cracks subject to stresses that exponentially grow to one of the crack ends is divided
into three sub-classes. One of these embraces most of crack types, also Griffith’s. The remaining two are a source of microcracks
in an elastic medium. The onset of such a stress concentration gives rise to a microcrack which cancels the stress singularity
up to that with the exponent of −1/2, ensuring a strong stability of the medium. An analysis of the nucleation of such cracks
brought about a concept of elastic field rupture without destruction of interatomic bonds, which has implications relating
to the conductivity of metals. A general formula for the crack energy singles out a special crack of unit length, whose energy
is constant and independent of stress concentration. 相似文献
600.
Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and seasonal variation of AOT over Belsk, Poland, in the UV wavelength range (310–380 nm)
have been analysed using results of measurements by Brewer spectrophotometer No. 064 and Cimel sunphotometer data for the
2002–2007 period. The comparison of AOT derived from direct Sun measurements by Brewer spectrophotometer in the 310–320 nm
range and retrieved from Cimel measurements at longer wavelengths shows good correlation (R = 0.96), with overestimation of retrieved values compared to the measured ones by about 6%. Basing on aerosol microphysical
properties taken from almucantar retrievals and Mie theory, optical properties of aerosol in the UV range has been calculated.
Analysis of seasonal variation of AOT at Belsk reveals two maxima: in April and July–August. Analysis of back-trajectories
in conjunction with analysis of fire maps from Fire Information For Resource Management System shows that these seasonal maxima
are connected with seasonal biomass burning in Eastern and Southern Europe. 相似文献