气象灾情收集与影响评估工作中存在的若干问题

联系近几年孝感市气象灾情收集与影响评估工作实践,分析了当前气象灾情收集与影响评估工作中存在的主要问题及产生原因,并着重从规范管理机制、完善开放的气象灾情收集网络、建立快速高效的反应体系、加强专业队伍建设和专业技术研究等方面,探讨了解决相关问题的对策。     

Sino‐Kharosthi and Sino‐Brahmi coins from the silk road of western China identified with stylistic and mineralogical evidence

Three coins of the Khotan horse, or Sino‐Kharosthi, style from Xinjiang province of China were recently obtained from a coin dealer. Because the archaeological context of these coins remains unknown, we conducted chemical and stylistic analyses to help determine their authenticity. Energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) and wavelength dispersive X‐ray (WDX or microprobe) measurements indicate that they are red (pure) copper and bronze coins, with one coin containing 4.2% Ag. Metal content and the presence of secondary minerals formed through weathering indicate that these are authentic ancient coins that were buried in a dry environment. All three coins bear Chinese characters; one shows Kharosthi, and two display Brahmi, a popular language in Khotan from A.D. 260 to 282. This indicates that the Sino‐Brahmi coins were made slightly later than the Sino‐Kharosthi coins, which were made before A.D. 260. These specimens represent the first Sino‐Brahmi coin and 20‐zhu coin ever reported in the literature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

An Updated Review of Event Attribution Approaches

There have been considerable high-impact extreme events occurring around the world in the context of climate change. Event attribution studies, which seek to qu...     

A new approach to the determination of the critical slip surfaces of slopes

A new method for the determination of the critical slip surfaces of slopes is proposed in this paper.In this paper,the original critical slip field method is extended in terms of the total residual moment,values of residual work as well as the unbalanced thrust force at the exit point for a given non-circular slip surface.The most critical slip surface with the maximum representative value for a prescribed factor of safety will be optimized and located using the harmony search algorithm.The prescribed factor of safety is modified with certain tiny interval in order to find the critical slip surface where the maximum representative value is zero.The aforementioned approach to the location of the critical slip surface is greatly different from the traditional limit equilibrium procedure.Three typical soil slopes are evaluated by use of the proposed method,and the comparisons with the classical approaches have illustrated the applicability of the proposed method.     

An Effective Control System of Thrust and Moment Modulation for a Dynamically Positioned Vessel

Dynamic positioning (DP) is an operation method whereby the position of a surface vessel is maintained in close proximity to a required position in the horizontal plane through the controlled application of forces and moments generated by purposely installed thrusters. When estimating thrust, this kind of conventional control system often uses many acceleration sensors, velocity sensors, environment sensors, and filters. Usually, these sensors have measured electrical errors. To reduce the number of sensors used and to decrease the measurement errors, this article presents an effective control system for estimating thrust and moment commands, which is based on energy and impulsemomentum principles. Donha and Brinati's example is followed to verify the feasibility of the present control system, which performs semisubmersible platform positioning using an LQG controller, and the results are feasible and economical. A simulated coring vessel marine positioning in southern Taiwan is presented, which can estimate the counterthrust and moment commands, and the complex environmental forces and moments are described. The results can provide a valuable control system for dynamically positioned vessels.     

Hydromechanical behavior of radially multilayered cylinders under time-varying loads

ABSTRACT

Geotechnical strata are often treated as horizontally homogeneous for hydromechanical analysis due to the vertical deposition of geological layers; however, such a treatment becomes no longer valid when vertical drilling or construction causes the localized disturbance of subsurface, which would result in radial heterogeneity of geomaterials. This paper presents a poroelastic solution for the saturated multilayered cylinder where multilayer is used to represent radial heterogeneity. After the application of Laplace transform, the governing equations in cylindrical coordinates are derived to obtain the stiffness matrix between stresses, displacements, and pore water pressure. The global matrix is assembled by the boundary conditions and the compatibility of interfaces between adjacent layers. Under time-dependent horizontal compression loads, a parametric study is performed for a cylinder comprised of two layers with distinct properties, and the results show that the load frequency and radial heterogeneity play a significant role in hydromechanical behavior of geomaterials: (1) the time-varying loading can induce a negative pore pressure, and the influence of cyclic loading with a high frequency is limited near the outer surface; (2) the radial heterogeneity due to permeability and compressibility affects the development of pore pressure.     

突降盐度胁迫对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)血清生理生化及鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP 酶活性的影响

采用海水盐度由25突降至21、17和13胁迫大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)的方法,研究了48h内血清生理生化和鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明,实验过程中三个盐度突降组的血清Na+、Ca2+离子浓度均未发生显著变化(P>0.05),血清K+浓度均显著升高(P<0.05),且升高幅度与盐度突降幅度呈正相关,最大值达14.03mmol/L(盐度13组,48h);血清Cl浓度在盐度21组未发生显著变化(P>0.05),17和13组则在48h时显著降低(P<0.05);三个盐度突降组的血清酶ALT、AST、LDH、CK-MB活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),随胁迫时间的延长呈先升后降的趋势,且变化幅度均与盐度突降幅度呈正相关;三个盐度突降组的鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活力均呈先升后降的变化趋势,除盐度21组在12h时高于对照组外,活力均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且降低幅度与盐度突降幅度呈正相关;到实验15天时,死亡率随盐度突降幅度增大而升高。     

缝合线成因新认识

传统观点认为,碳酸盐岩中的缝合线是在岩石负载或构造应力作用下压溶形成的,是一种化学压实作用的产物。对缝合线进行综合研究,发现其具有“四性特征”,即完整性、亲烃性、排孔性及胀裂汇聚性。综合以上“四性”认为,缝合线主要是岩石在负重或构造应力作用下烃类（或泥质）使岩石发生胀裂形成的一种锯齿状裂缝,是烃类（或泥质）开辟的排烃通道,压溶作用对缝合线的贡献还有待研究。与碳酸盐岩相比,泥岩不发育缝合线,主要在于泥岩优势孔隙半径较大,烃类可以通过微孔以渗透方式向外排放,不需要形成缝合线。通过缝合线形成机理探讨,查明了碳酸盐岩与泥岩排烃方式的区别,进而对碳酸盐岩与泥岩封盖性进行对比。     

盆地深部穹隆构造发育特征、成因机制及石油地质意义——以塔里木盆地顺北地区为例

塔里木盆地顺北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩中广泛发育穹隆构造.为研究盆地深部穹隆构造的发育特征、成因机制及石油地质意义,基于顺北地区高精度三维地震资料,对穹隆构造开展几何学定量解析,确定其空间分布规律及内部结构样式;结合区域构造背景及盆内构造发育特征,明确其成因机制;在此基础上,结合生产动态数据探讨穹隆构造的控储—控藏作用.研究...     

桂林会仙岩溶湿地典型水生植物δ13C特征与固碳量估算

为促进目前岩溶碳汇稳定性和速率等科学问题的深入研究,在分析桂林会仙岩溶湿地主要水生植物碳同位素的基础上,利用基于碳酸酐酶活性与植物碳同位素值显著正相关的二端元模型,估算了不同植物利用光合作用固定HCO3-的比例。结果表明,湿地核心区沉水植物光合作用固定HCO3-碳量在4.86~64.73 tC/（a?km2）之间,挺水植物为15.68~453.01 tC/（a?km2）,平均值为76.74 tC/（a?km2）。按平均值计算会仙湿地水生植物光合作用固定HCO3-碳量为4 466.27 tC/a,即在会仙湿地岩溶地下河补给的HCO3-中约47 %被水生植物光合作用固定。水生植物光合作用固碳效果明显,是碳汇研究中不容忽视的一个十分重要的问题。