E(o)tv(o)s效应改正中航速、航向角计算方法研究

E(o)tv(o)s效应是影响海洋重力测量精度的主要误差之一,为了减小由定位误差所引起的E(o)tv(o)s效应改正误差,本文基于对常用的直接差分算法进行分析,提出了测线滑动拟合算法.理论研究和实例计算结果表明以测线滑动拟合算法求定航速、航向角比通常采用的直接差分算法使E(o)tv(o)s效应改正精度明显提高.     

Enrichment conditions and distribution characteristics of lacustrine medium-to-high maturity shale oil in China

Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China, indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production. Current exploration results have revealed the following major conditions of lacustrine shale oil accumulation: (1) stable and widely distributed shale with a high organic abundance and appropriate thermal maturity acts as a fundamental basis for shale oil retention. This shale exhibits several critical parameters, such as total organic carbon content greater than 2%, with optimal values ranging from 3% to 4%, kerogen Ⅰ and Ⅱ₁ as the dominant organic matter types, and vitrinite reflectance (R_o) values greater than 0.9% (0.8% for brackish water environments). (2) Various types of reservoirs exhibiting brittleness and a certain volume of micro-nanoscale pores are critical conditions for shale oil accumulation, and these reservoirs have porosities greater than 3% to 6%. Moreover, when diagenesis is incipient, pure shales are not favorable for medium-to-high maturity shale oil enrichment, whereas tight sandstone and hybrid rocks with clay content less than 20% are favorable; however, for medium-to-late-stage diagenesis, pure shales with a clay content of 40% are favorable. (3) The retention of a large amount of high-quality hydrocarbons is the factor that best guarantees shale oil accumulation with good mobility. Free hydrocarbon content exceeding a threshold value of 2 mg/g is generally required, and the optimum value is 4 mg/g to 6 mg/g. Moreover, a gas-oil ratio exceeding a threshold value of 80 m³/m³ is required, with the optimal value ranging from 150 m³/m³ to 300 m³/m³. (4) High-quality roof and floor sealing conditions are essential for the shale oil enrichment interval to maintain the overpressure and retain a sufficient amount of hydrocarbons with good quality. Lacustrine shale oil distributions exhibit the following characteristics: (1) major enrichment areas of shale oil are located in semi-deep to deep lacustrine depositional areas with external materials, such as volcanic ash fallout, hydrothermal solutions, and radioactive substances with catalytic action, as inputs; (2) intervals with “four high values and one preservation condition” govern the distribution of shale oil enrichment intervals; and (3) favorable assemblages of lithofacies/lithologies determine the distribution of enrichment area. According to preliminary estimates, China has 131×10⁸ to 163×10⁸ t of total shale oil resources with medium-to-high thermal maturity, among which 67×10⁸ to 84×10⁸ t is commercial. These resources are primarily located in the Chang 7¹⁺² interval in the Ordos Basin, Qing 1+2 members in Gulong sag in the Songliao Basin, Kongdian and Shahejie formations of Cangdong sag, Qikou sag and the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, and Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin.     

赣南石雷钨锡矿云英岩型锂矿找矿新发现及其区域成矿潜力分析

近年来,随着赣西北云母型锂矿的大规模开发利用,华南云英岩型、蚀变花岗岩型等岩体型锂矿逐渐受到关注。赣南是世界著名石英脉型黑钨矿集区和生产基地,以往勘查研究工作多集中在钨锡矿。【研究目的】为进一步了解石英脉型钨锡矿中是否存在锂矿化及其地质特征。【研究方法】本次研究通过系统的岩矿鉴定和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（LA-ICP-MS）分析,查明了在赣南崇余犹矿集区章源钨业石雷钨锡矿深部存在云英岩型锂矿。【研究结果】研究表明,锂矿体产于石雷矿区深部隐伏花岗岩体的顶部,分布于含钨锡石英脉和长石石英脉的两侧,锂元素主要赋存在白云母—多硅白云母之中。产于角岩化砂岩中的云英岩的Li₂O含量平均为0.25%,二云母花岗岩中石英（长石）脉—云英岩Li₂O含量平均为0.21%,二云母花岗岩中发育的含云母脉云英岩Li₂O平均为0.22%,具有潜在的综合利用价值。【结论】本次研究查明了石雷石英脉型钨锡矿中存在工业意义的云英岩型锂矿化,进一步丰富了赣南石英脉型钨锡矿的成矿理论,拓宽了崇余犹地区云英岩型锂矿的找矿勘查思路,并为进一步拓展华南地区岩体型锂矿的找矿空间提供了依据。     

赞比亚西北省发现IOCG碳酸岩型铜矿床

<正>IOCG碳酸岩型铜矿床世界罕见,中国尚未见报道。最近,中矿资源勘探股份有限公司在赞比亚西北省卡森帕市希富玛村附近发现并查明一个中型碳酸岩型铜矿床,将其命名为希富玛铜矿床。此矿床还具有铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)型矿床的特征,如矿石中铁氧化物(磁铁矿为主,少量赤铁矿)含量20%,有用金属以Cu为主,伴生有益组分有Zn、Co、Au、Ag、Mo、Cd,REE的含量也高,受构造岩浆带控制等。因此,希富玛铜矿床可称为IOCG碳酸岩型铜矿床。希富玛铜矿床位于中部非洲泛非造山带卢菲里安弧形构造带上。该带从北到南分为5个构造单元:加丹加坳拉槽     

基于遥感与GIS的矿山地质环境时空演变分析——以东胜矿区为例

煤矿开采将不可避免地产生地质环境问题。以东胜矿区2007年Quick Bird遥感影像和2012年World View2影像为数据源,通过提取矿山地质环境现状信息,计算矿山地质环境类型时空数据的变化幅度、变化速度及转移矩阵等,揭示不同矿山地质环境类型的时间变化过程;以采矿权为空间单元,通过计算各类矿山地质环境的年均增幅与综合动态度,描述其空间演变趋势。结果表明:随着东胜矿区开采规模持续扩大,不同矿山地质环境类型的面积逐年增加且增幅各异,由"污染"(采坑、排土场及积水区)向"治理"(恢复治理区和工业广场)转移的趋势显著;尽管矿区地质环境已得到足够重视,并呈现西北区域恢复治理优于东南区域的特点,但"治理"力度总体上慢于"污染"程度,仍不利于可持续发展。     

大椭圆航线设计的空间矢量方法

针对传统大圆航线设计采用的球体模型和现代导航设备采用的椭球体模型不统一引起航行误差的问题,研究了基于空间矢量的大椭圆航线设计方法。通过采用空间矢量代数方法直接求解大椭圆顶点,并提出依据长轴矢量和短轴矢量的大椭圆描述方法,应用两个基本矢量推导大椭圆航线方位和航程计算公式,进而研究了大椭圆航线设计算法,重点提出了基于Newton-Raphson(N-R)的等距离航线设计算法。对比算例表明,大圆航线与大椭圆航线设计结果差异明显,大椭圆航线设计算法与航行阶段采用的地球模型一致,可消除大圆航线设计引起的误差,提高航海计算精度。     

经典平差函数模型的概括形式分析

对经典平差函数模型的两种概括形式进行回顾和总结,基于零空间投影算子导出经典平差函数模型的第三种概括形式-等价条件平差模型,教授学生理解该概括形式平差模型的作用及特点。提出在本科教学实践中以不同的平差模型概括形式开展课堂讨论,有利于启发学生对平差模型内在联系的自觉发现。     

土壤污染的修复方法研究——以表面活性剂强化微米Fe/Cu对有机氯农药的降解为例

利用Cu作为催化金属与微米铁制成双金属体系处理主要污染物为六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的某污染场地土壤,探讨了不同表面活性剂(鼠李糖脂与Triton X-100(TX-100))对微米Fe/Cu双金属体系降解土壤中有机氯农药的影响。结果表明:相对于空白和只添加零价铁与微米Fe/Cu的三组的稳定,添加了两种表面活性剂的Fe/Cu双金属体系,35 d后土壤氧化还原电位(ORP)随时间呈缓慢上升趋势,Fe/Cu+TX-100至55 d时ORP由–400 m V升高到–300 m V;除Fe/Cu+鼠李糖脂组外,0~25 d内各组土壤p H随时间逐渐升高,从初始的5.0左右提高到6.5~7.2;微米Fe/Cu对污染物的降解效果相比零价铁有提高,鼠李糖脂与TX-100的投加能强化微米Fe/Cu对土壤中HCH和DDT的降解,TX-100的增强效果更为显著。当Fe投加量5%,Cu负载1%,TX-100浓度5 mmo L/L,初始p H 4.5时,处理55d后,α-HCH、γ-HCH、P,P’-DDD和P,P’-DDT的降解去除率达到100%、92.2%、95.7%和85.4%,总污染物去除率为90.0%。