Status and prospect of 3D inversions in EM geophysics

1.Current status Three-dimensional(3D)inversion of geophysical EM data is generally underdetermined,non-linear,and of large-scale that is very difficult to solve by optimization.In the past two decades,with the advancement of computational equipment and numerical algorithms,3D geophysical EM inversion has made great progress.Numerous inversion codes and platforms based on the regularizations have been successfully developed and are being widely used in the industry and scientific research.The development of 3D EM inversions mainly involve the following aspects.     

基于爆破荷载等效施加方法的振动波形预测与古建筑安全评估

隧道爆破开挖产生的振动对邻近的古建筑有着不容忽视的安全影响,为研究爆破振动波的传播规律以及预测地面振动效应和分析临近古建筑结构的安全性,以拉卜楞隧道为依托,采用现场实测结合数值模拟分析的方法,预测爆破荷载作用下拉卜楞寺的动力响应。结果表明：(1)随着单响总药量的增加,质点振动速度增大,衰减比也随之增大,说明高频振动衰减快,低频振动衰减慢;(2)通过理论计算将爆破荷载等效施加在弹性边界或隧道开挖轮廓面上,动力模拟结果表明在大于40 m的中远区两者振速变化规律趋于一致,故将荷载施加在开挖轮廓面上是合理的;(3)爆破地震波自由界面处体波经过反射形成沿表面传播的Rayleigh波,结合数值模拟山体内部地震波的传播规律发现,经反射叠加山体内部形成复杂的振动区;(4)当地震波到达拉卜楞寺最近点时,径向振速峰值为0.000 672 cm/s,垂向振速峰值为0.000 448 cm/s,合成振速峰值为0.000 807 cm/s,远小于古建筑安全振动控制标准。     

基于立体层析反演的低频模型构建在深水区储层反演中的应用:以南海深水W构造为例

建立准确的低频模型是波阻抗反演中的重要环节,它直接影响着波阻抗反演结果的准确性。但是,常规模型建立方法的准确性受钻井数量影响明显,钻井数量越多,模型的准确性越高。在海洋深水油气勘探过程中,由于勘探费用昂贵,钻井数量非常少,很难通过常规方法建立准确的低频模型。特别是在沉积体横向特征变化较大时,地震反演的可靠性受到巨大影响。本文首先介绍了立体层析速度反演的基本理论和数据域、成像域立体层析速度反演的计算过程,综合数据域立体层析与成像域立体层析的优势获得了高精度速度模型;然后结合有限的钻井进行标定,构建出地震反演所需的低频模型,有效提升了低频模型的精度,使其达到可真实反映较大规模地质异常体的尺度;最后,将其应用于南海深水区W构造的勘探实践,提升了反演结果横向预测的准确性。     

Otolith development in larval and juvenile Schizothorax davidi: ontogeny and growth increment characteristics

Laboratory-reared Schizothorax davidi larvae and juveniles were examined to assess the formation and characteristics of David’s schizothoracin otoliths.Otolith development was observed and their formation period was verifi ed by monitoring larvae and juveniles of knownage.The results revealed that lapilli and sagittae developed before hatching,and the first otolith increment was identified at 2 days post hatching in both.The shape of lapilli was relatively stable during development compared with that of sagittae;however,growth of four sagittae and lapilli areas was consistent,but the posterior area grew faster than the anterior area and the ventral surface grew faster than the dorsal surface.Similarly,the sum length of the radius of the anterior and posterior areas on sagittae and lapilli were linearly and binomially related to total fish length,respectively.Moreover,daily deposition rates were validated by monitoring knownage larvae and juveniles.The increase in lapilli width was 1.88±0.080 0μm at the ninth increment,which reached a maximum and the decreased gradually toward the otolith edge,whereas that of sagittae increased more slowly.These results illustrate the developmental biology of S.davidi,which will aid in population conservation and fish stock management.     

祁连山东段童子坝河阶地对气候变化与新构造运动的响应*

通过对祁连山东段童子坝河各级阶地的年代和变形程度进行测定,得到了河流阶地的形成年代和过程,推算出民乐—大马营逆断裂的活动强度和速率,并分析了阶地形成和气候变化之间的关系。童子坝河5级阶地(年龄分别为16.70±1.81 cal,ka BP、 10 092.5±27.5 cal a BP、8127.5±72.5 cal a BP、2900±60 cal a BP、282.5±17.5 cal a BP)均形成于气候由冷转暖的阶段,属于气候成因阶地。基于断裂两侧阶地面的平面几何形态并结合上、下盘阶地横剖面同级阶地的高差,得到T4、T3、T2和T1阶地在民乐—大马营断裂处的垂直位错分别为10.6±3.1,m、5.0±2.6 m、2.0±1.9 m和1.9±1.3 m,推算出全新世以来民乐—大马营断裂的垂直滑动速率为1.05±0.31 mm/a,水平缩短速率为1.02±0.60 mm/a。     

塔河油田二区奥陶系优势储集体特征及控制因素

塔河油田二区奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏储集体类型由缝洞型、高能微孔隙型、压溶孔缝型组成。通过岩心薄片观察并结合地震、测井、录井和试油等资料,查明了受次生溶蚀作用控制的岩溶缝洞型、受高能沉积相带控制的微孔隙型和受压溶作用及白云化作用控制的压溶孔缝型储层的特征和分布,并且识别出溶蚀孔洞、溶蚀缝、构造缝、粒内孔、粒间孔、铸模孔、晶间孔、晶内孔、缝合线和微裂缝10种储集空间。实际上,上述储集体主要为高能沉积相带形成的颗粒灰岩演化而成,这些颗粒灰岩经过埋藏压实和胶结等作用形成了以次生微孔隙为主的微孔隙型储集体,经过压溶和白云岩化作用形成了受成岩演化控制的压溶孔缝型储集体,在塔北奥陶系岩溶期形成了岩溶缝洞型储集体。塔河油田二区南部受沉积相展布和成岩作用影响,颗粒灰岩和云斑状灰岩发育;北部古隆起风化剥蚀作用较强,发育大型溶洞储层;东部斜坡带古河流发育,溶蚀缝洞储层多沿古河道分布;西部受深大断裂控制,溶蚀孔洞沿断裂垂向发育。     

大跨度钢板桩围堰的形变分析与预报

结合武汉市东湖隧道工程中大跨度钢板桩围堰的变形监测数据,对大跨度钢板桩围堰的形变特征及预测模型进行了研究,针对其大量级、强趋势和波动性的数据特点,探索出与之相适应的高精度、高稳定的单项与组合预测模型,并采用Matlab编制相应的实用预测软件,获得了良好的预测效果。可为今后同类工程大跨度钢板桩围堰的形变分析预测提供有益借鉴。     

Hydraulic properties of concentrated flow of a bank gully in the dry‐hot valley region of southwest China

To quantify spatiotemporal variation in hydraulic properties of bank gully concentrated flow, a series of scour experiments were run under water discharge rates ranging from 30 to 120 l min^?1. Concentrated flows were found to be turbulent and supercritical in the upstream catchment area and downstream gully beds. As discharge increased, values of the soil erosion rate, Reynolds number (Re), shear stress, stream power, and flow energy consumption (ΔE) increased while values of the Froude number (Fr) and the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor (resistance f ) did not. With the exception of gully headcut collapse under discharge rates of 60, 90, and 120 l min^?1, a declining power function trend (P < 0.05) in the soil erosion rate developed in the upstream catchment area, headcuts, and downstream gully beds. However, increasing trends were observed in temporal variations of hydraulic properties for downstream gully beds and the upstream catchment area. Despite significant differences in temporal variation between the soil erosion rate and hydraulic property values, relative steady state conditions of the soil erosion rate and ΔE were attained following an initial period of adjustment in the upstream catchment area, headcuts, and downstream gully beds under different discharge rates. A logarithmic growth of flow energy consumption per unit soil loss (ΔE_u) was observed in bank gullies and the upstream catchment area as the experiment progressed, further illustrating the actual reason behind the discrepancy in temporal variation between soil erosion rates and ΔE. Results demonstrate that ΔE can be used to estimate headcut erosion soil loss, but further quantitative studies are required to quantify coupling effects between hydraulic properties and vertical variation in soil mechanical properties on temporal variation for bank gully soil erosion rates. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于T-S模糊神经网络的采空塌陷危险性判别

采空区地面塌陷的危险性判别受地质因素、采矿因素等多重因素的影响,各因素往往影响程度不同且部分因素之间又相互联系。为了能够较准确地对采空塌陷危险性进行评估,引入了T-S模糊神经网络模型。以北京西山地区采空塌陷为例,根据塌陷特点,分别选取了地质构造复杂程度、覆盖层类型、第四系覆盖层厚度、覆岩强度、煤层倾角、采深采厚比、采空区埋深、采空区空间叠置层数8项影响因素作为评价指标,并建立了分级标准。将单因素评价指标均匀线性插值作为训练样本,建立了T-S模糊神经网络判别模型。利用训练好的神经网络模型对选取的8处采空区进行评估,结果分别为:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅱ,结果与实际情况吻合。研究表明,利用T-S模糊神经网络研究采空塌陷危险性是可行的。