海洋自然资本评估中生物能值转换率的研究

自然资本评估是研究生态系统服务与社会经济发展的重要方式。由于海洋具有特殊性和复杂性、开放性、流动性和多层次耦合性等特点,海洋自然资本评估方法的研究进展缓慢。能值分析理论通过能值转换率将生态系统内流动和储存的各种不同类别的能量和物质转换为同一标准的能值,可衡量和比较不同等级的能量价值,系统完整地反映自然资本价值,这一特点是其他评估方法所缺乏的。为精确量化海洋生物资本价值,本研究引入海洋食物网信息能流图和生态系统能量传递规律,提出了生物能值转换率的经验公式,即Tn=T1·E^1-nL(T1为初级生产者的太阳能值转换率,n为营养级,EL为林德曼效率)。为验证经验公式的可行性,选用相关案例进行了研究,得到海洋食物网中不同食性生物所处营养级及其相应的能值转换率。经验公式有一定误差,具体应用时应通过调研文献和相关数据,确定关键参数的取值范围以提高准确性。本研究得出的经验公式简化了海洋生物能值转换率的计算方法,促进了能值分析理论在海洋自然资本评估中的进一步应用。     

基于三轴加速度的波浪测量技术研究

以浮标为载体,以TMS320C6416型DSP处理器、三轴加速度传感器、电子罗盘为硬件电路核心,利用加速度频域二次积分的波高计算方法以及三轴加速度倾角补偿电子罗盘的波向测量方式,进行海洋波浪要素测量技术研究,获取了某一海域不同时段的波浪特征值。     

海州湾淤泥质海滩剖面堆积过程的计算模式

分别于1986年12月和1985年3月1日—1987年3月1日在海州湾进行了波浪和含沙量观测，运用所获资料以及本区长期水文、地形资料，采用流体力学、沉积学和泥沙运动力学相结合的研究方法，建立了海州湾淤泥质海滩剖面堆积过程的二维计算模式。结果表明，在堆积型淤泥质海滩，由于浮泥的经常性存在，使波浪急剧衰减，其对岸滩的作用甚为微弱，潮流成为塑造淤泥质海滩的主要动力，岸滩在淤涨过程中，在平均高潮位厂沿和平均低潮位附近出现两个凸点，上一个凸点外推速率大于下一个凸点，潮下带变化缓慢。     

基于改进当量的甘肃省耕地生态系统服务价值及其与区域经济发展的空间关系研究

为量化分析耕地生态系统服务价值及其与区域经济发展的空间关系,采用改进的耕地当量因子,对甘肃省2014年耕地生态系统服务价值进行定量化研究,并采用双变量空间自相关探讨其与区域经济发展在空间上的关联关系。结果表明：（1）在GPP修正的基础上估算得到的甘肃省2014年耕地生态系统服务价值为4.96×10¹¹元,其中水资源供给功能的价值为负,食物生产功能的生态系统服务价值相对较高,美学景观功能的生态系统服务价值最低。（2）双变量空间自相关显示人均国内生产总值与耕地生态系统服务价值在空间上存在显著的负相关关系,Moran’s I指数为-0.252 3。局部双变量空间自相关LISA图也显示低-高聚集区主要分布在经济发展相对落后、具有明显生态优势的东南部地区;而高-低聚集区则主要分布在经济高速发展,生态环境相对恶劣的西北部地区。研究结果可为甘肃省生态环境管护与区域经济发展提供决策参考,为实现经济增长与生态保护统筹协调发展提供参考依据。     

广西难处理金矿固化焙烧氰化提金试验

通过对广西六梅金矿、明山金矿、金牙金矿含高砷高硫难浸金矿石进行固化焙烧—氰化提金的试验研究 ,获得了砷、硫固定率分别为 99.0 3%、97.0 4 % ,金浸出率 92 .35 %的较好指标 ,为这类难浸金矿的开发 ,展示了一种经济有效的途径     

高逼真度虚拟森林环境的半球成像方法模拟分析

半球成像方法可广泛应用于植被结构参数及冠层光合有效辐射测量等领域。高逼真度虚拟森林环境的半球成像方法模拟及验证可用于定量评估半球成像方法测量精度及地面验证研究。但高逼真度虚拟森林环境下半球成像方法模拟面临场景复杂度高、面片数巨大、模拟效率低等难题。首先,论文以高逼真度虚拟森林环境构建原理建立了不同林分密度、树木分布模式、场景大小及树木种类等特征的虚拟森林环境库;然后,在采用光线跟踪算法开展半球成像方法模拟时,对比分析了4种数据结构分割平面搜索方法,即空间中分法、对象中分法、启发式排序法和启发式BIN分区法,结果表明,启发式排序法性能最佳;最后,以高逼真度虚拟森林环境库,对比分析了传统方法、Kdtree、BVH、Octree 4种数据结构方案组织、管理单树几何模型及虚拟森林场景两级数据集效率,并选择场景节点遍历数、单树几何模型节点遍历数、单树几何模型遍历数、面片遍历数及平均计算时间等参数作为衡量数据结构组织方案性能的定量化指标,研究发现Kdtree数据结构方案较其他3种数据结构方案更为优越,因此,其可作为高逼真度虚拟森林环境库的半球成像方法模拟之首选。     

Future projection of East China Sea temperature by dynamic downscaling of the IPCC_AR4 CCSM3 model result

Future temperature distributions of the marginal Chinese seas are studied by dynamic downscaling of global CCSM3 IPCC_AR4 scenario runs.Different forcing fields from 2080-2099 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios(SRES) B1,A1,and A2 to 1980-1999 20C3M are averaged and superimposed on CORE2 and SODA2.2.4 data to force high-resolution regional future simulations using the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS).Volume transport increments in downscaling simulation support the CCSM3 result that with a weakening subtropical gyre circulation,the Kuroshio Current in the East China Sea(ECS) is possibly strengthened under the global warming scheme.This mostly relates to local wind change,whereby the summer monsoon is strengthened and winter monsoon weakened.Future temperature fluxes and their seasonal variations are larger than in the CCSM3 result.Downscaling 100 years’ temperature increments are comparable to the CCSM3,with a minimum in B1 scenario of 1.2-2.0°C and a maximum in A2 scenario of 2.5-4.5°C.More detailed temperature distributions are shown in the downscaling simulation.Larger increments are in the Bohai Sea and middle Yellow Sea,and smaller increments near the southeast coast of China,west coast of Korea,and southern ECS.There is a reduction of advective heat north of Taiwan Island and west of Tsushima in summer,and along the southern part of the Yellow Sea warm current in winter.There is enhancement of advective heat in the northern Yellow Sea in winter,related to the delicate temperature increment distribution.At 50 meter depth,the Yellow Sea cold water mass is destroyed.Our simulations suggest that in the formation season of the cold water mass,regional temperature is higher in the future and the water remains at the bottom until next summer.In summer,the mixed layer is deeper,making it much easier for the strengthened surface heat flux to penetrate to the bottom of this water.     

Mapping the farming-pastoral ecotones in China

Conventional farming-pastoral ecotones methods of delineating were not quantitative and could not fully show their spatial distribution. The present paper attempts to develop quantitative methods for mapping farming-pastoral ecotones in China. Nine indicators, related to temperature, precipitation and altitude aspects, were selected to quantify ecological susceptibility of vegetation （crops and forage）. Methods of analytic hierarchy process （AHP） and expert score ranking combined with fuzzy set theory were applied to assign the weight for each indicator and to define the membership functions. The geographic information system （GIS） was used to manage the spatial database and conduct the spatial analysis. According to the spatial calculation of evaluation model integrated with GIS, the ecological susceptibility of vegetation （crops and forage） was mapped. Three different zones, pastoral area, farming-pastoral ecotones and farming area, were classified by spatial cluster analysis and the maximum likelihood classification for the numeric map of vegetation ecological susceptibility by GIS. This map was validated by the economic statistical result based on the ratio of the output value from animal husbandry in total output value of agriculture by the National Bureau of Statistics in China, indicating that the mapping of the farming-pastoral ecotones may be accepted.     

Early warning research on salt-alkalization desertification in western Songnen Plain

Desertification is an environmental issue in the world. The salt-alkalization desertification land area formed by both primary and secondary salt-alkalization has extended in a large scale, which has become a significant eco-environmental problem. Based on the characteristics of eco-environment and the situation of desertification in western Songnen plain, this paper reports the analyzes of its formation in background and cause. An early warning system on the salt-alkalization desertification is established and the GIS technology is used to abstract the information of desertification evaluation index. Supported by the integrated technology of the GIS and ANN, the orientation and quantitative result of desertification are gained, which is helpful to the eco-environment protection and resource development in western Songnen Plain.     

祁连山及黑河流域降雨量的分布特征分析

利用祁连山及其周围42个气象站的降水资料,采用EOF,REOF等方法,分析了祁连山区年降雨量的空间变化趋势,并将其分为3个部分。进而采用网格分析法和GIS技术结合的方法,针对黑河流域所在的祁连山中东部的降水分布,进行年降雨量分布的拟合研究,着重分析了模拟雨量场在空间上的复杂变化。结果表明,应用该方法对黑河流域的祁连山区局地降水分布能够很好地模拟,局地降雨量和气象站观测资料基本吻合,同时网格场的降水分布更能反映出山区的复杂地形,其雨量分布为黑河流域的用水分配提供了一定的科学依据。