双向压缩条件下非均匀断层标本变形过程中的声发射活动特征

在双向压缩条件下,研究了一种非均匀断层模型标本在变形过程中的声发射(AE)时空特征.结果表明,随侧向应力sigma;2的增大,断层破裂强度提高,自加载至破坏的时间延长,破坏形式由突发失稳逐渐转变为渐进式破坏.预制断层及其非均匀性对标本变形过程中AE空间分布图象起明显的控制作用.预制断层,特别是预制断层上的强度不均匀部位及高强度段落,控制着微破裂空间分布的总体格局.破裂局部化均起始于断层上强度不均匀部位,随侧向应力sigma;2的增大,微破裂密集区域从预制断层强度不均匀部位逐渐扩展到整个高强度区段.侧向应力sigma;2的大小对AE时序特征具有显著影响.较低sigma;2条件下,断层表现为突发失稳,失稳发生在微破裂活动ldquo;增强-平静rdquo;的背景之上;而较高sigma;2条件下,断层表现为渐进式破坏,破坏前后AE频次持续增加,AER呈指数增长.sigma;2对b值变化也具有一定影响.当断层破坏表现为突发失稳时,b值在弹性阶段后期至弱化阶段显示出ldquo;前兆rdquo;性降低;而当断层表现为渐进式破坏时,b值变化平稳.      

中国大陆地壳运动与强震关系研究

利用GPS观测结果研究了中国大陆当前地壳运动的空间分布及其所揭示的大区域构造变形背景与趋势;讨论了区域水平运动、应变率场分布与强震地点的关系;通过对昆仑山口西Ms8.1等地震区域水平运动与形变的分析,研究了强震过程的区域形变场变化的主要特征;提出了识别孕震形变场以进行中长期强震地点预测的思路和途径。     

衡水地区地裂缝空间发育特征与地下水位降深关系

通过浅层地震法及高密度电阻率法物探对河北衡水地区最近发现的3条地裂缝调查,探明了地裂缝地下发育深度、宽度、倾向等,发现地裂缝在地表与地下发育特征有明显不同：地表以一条地裂缝存在,在地下深处则以裂缝带发育,裂缝带两侧裂缝埋深不同,地下裂缝形态表现为上窄下宽。对该地区深层钻探、水文地质和多年地下水开采等资料分析表明,该地区的地裂缝是地质历史时期地质构造活动产物,开采深层地下水等资源则是促使地裂缝发展的主要原因。通过对不同地点地裂缝发育深度与近36年以来地下水水位降深的关系分析,结果显示：不同地区地裂缝发育深度与相应深层地下水水位降深呈线性关系。研究成果对地裂缝机理研究及预防开采深层地下水对地质环境的影响具有指导作用。     

Impact of topography and land-sea distribution on East Asian paleoenvironmental patterns

Much geological research has illustrated the transition of paleoenvironmental patterns during the Cenozoic from a planetary-wind-dominant type to a monsoon-dominant type, indicating the initiation of the East Asian monsoon and inland-type aridity. However, there is a dispute about the causes and mechanisms of the transition, especially about the impact of the Himalayan/Tibetan Plateau uplift and the Paratethys Sea retreat. Thirty numerical sensitivity experiments under different land-sea distributions and Himalayan/Tibetan Plateau topography conditions are performed here to simulate the evolution of climate belts with emphasis on changes in the rain band, and these are compared with the changes in the paleoenvironmental patterns during the Cenozoic recovered by geological records. The consistency between simulations and the geological evidence indicates that both the Tibetan Plateau uplift and the Paratethys Sea retreat play important roles in the formation of the monsoon-dominant environmental pattern. Furthermore, the simulations show the monsoon-dominant environmental pattern comes into being when the Himalayan/Tibetan Plateau reaches 1000–2000 m high and the Paratethys Sea retreats to the Turan Plate.     

Applications of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation to the study of the stability and sensitivity of the Jovian atmosphere

A two-layer quasi-geostrophic model is used to study the stability and sensitivity of motions on smallscale vortices in Jupiter’s atmosphere. Conditional nonlinear optimal perturbations (CNOPs) and linear singular vectors (LSVs) are both obtained numerically and compared in this paper. The results show that CNOPs can capture the nonlinear characteristics of motions in small-scale vortices in Jupiter’s atmosphere and show great difference from LSVs under the condition that the initial constraint condition is large or the optimization time is not very short or both. Besides, in some basic states, local CNOPs are found. The pattern of LSV is more similar to local CNOP than global CNOP in some cases. The elementary application of the method of CNOP to the Jovian atmosphere helps us to explore the stability of variousscale motions of Jupiter’s atmosphere and to compare the stability of motions in Jupiter’s atmosphere and Earth’s atmosphere further.     

网络环境下的前兆数据自动编排管理系统

通过在Intemet和局域网下开发的程序,实现了安徽省地震前兆数据自动编排管理。该网络程序可以自动检索和收集各地方台站上报的数据,然后将其按照规定的格式编排,通过纠错子系统检查无误后传至中国地震局数据中心。本系统可以将数据自动分类管理并做好备份,最大的优点是速度快、准确性高、操作方便。     

逆断层地震近场地震动影响场和地表形变模拟

本文设计了一个MW7.0级地震的简单的逆断层有限移动源破裂模型,计算了断层周围64个观测点的加速度、速度和位移时程及峰值,简单讨论了近场地震动峰值、断层附近地表永久位移(或地表形变)的分布特点,并讨论了永久位移和地面运动速度大脉冲的关系。重点研究了断层附近三分量的永久位移(或地表形变)大小、方向和地震动作用特点。     

超高强混凝土短柱抗震性能的试验研究

通过对12根剪跨比λ=2．0的超高强混凝土短柱在低周反复荷载下抗震性能的试验研究,分析了其破坏形态,并研究了轴压比和配箍率对试件滞回特性和抗震延性的影响,提出了满足一定延性要求（μ△≥3．0）超高强混凝土短柱的轴压比限值和箍筋加密区的最小配箍特征值的建议值。该值可为现行规范的修订提供参考。     

Early solar system aqueous activity: K isotope evidence from Allende

The alkali element K is moderately volatile and fluid mobile; thus, it can be influenced by both primary processes (evaporation and recondensation) in the solar nebula and secondary processes (thermal and aqueous alteration) in the parent body. Since these primary and secondary processes would induce different isotopic fractionations, K isotopes could become a potential tracer to distinguish them. Using recently developed methods with improved precision (0.05‰, 95% confidence interval), we systematically measured the K isotopic compositions and major/trace elemental compositions of chondritic components (18 chondrules, 3 CAIs, 2 matrices, and 5 bulks) in the carbonaceous chondrite fall Allende. Among all the components analyzed in this study, CAIs, which formed initially under high‐temperature conditions in the solar nebula and were dominated by nominally K‐free refractory minerals, have the highest K₂O content (average 0.53 wt%) and have K isotope compositions most enriched in heavy isotopes (δ⁴¹K: ?0.30 to ?0.25‰). Such an observation is consistent with previous petrologic studies that show CAIs in Allende have undergone alkali enrichment during metasomatism. In contrast, chondrules contain lower K₂O content (0.003–0.17 wt%) and generally lighter K isotope compositions (δ⁴¹K: ?0.87‰ to ?0.24‰). The matrix and bulks are nearly identical in K₂O content and K isotope compositions (0.02–0.05 wt%; δ⁴¹K: ?0.62 to ? 0.46‰), which are, as expected, right in the middle of CAIs and chondrules. This strongly indicates that most of the chondritic components of Allende suffered aqueous alteration and their K isotopic compositions are the ramification of Allende parent‐body processing instead of primary nebular signatures. Nevertheless, we propose the small K isotope fractionations observed (< 1‰) among Allende components are likely similar to the overall range of K isotopic fractionation that occurred in nebular environment. Furthermore, the K isotope compositions seen in the components of Allende in this study are consistent with MC‐ICP‐MS analyses of the components in ordinary chondrites, which also show an absence of large (10‰) isotope fractionations. This is not expected as evaporation experiments in nebular conditions suggest there should be large K isotopic fractionations. Nevertheless, possible nebular processes such as chondrules back exchanging with ambient gas when they formed could explain this lack of large K isotopic variation.     

南极中山站全天信息采集系统

南极高原拥有独特的天文观测优势,为了对南极中山站夜天文观测条件进行实测研究,中国科学院云南天文台专门研制了一套具有耐低温、自动除雪除霜等适应南极气候特征的全自动全天信息采集系统,该系统可以提供实时的全天云量、天光背景和全天图像,并将信息推送到网页实时显示。介绍了系统的研制及为适应南极气候进行的耐低温实验,统计分析了中山站2016~2017年的全天信息数据,结果显示,中山站2016和2017年的可观测时间为772.21 h和437.38 h,可观测夜数为93 d和51 d,天光背景最大真实值为22.05 Mag/arcsec 2,年平均气温为-10.6℃,最高气温19.1℃,最低气温为-44℃,2016年平均相对湿度为55.2%。