Changes in soil organic carbon and its active fractions in different desertification stages of alpine-cold grassland in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

In recent years, the desertification of alpine-cold grasslands has become increasingly serious in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China, but it has not received the same amount of attention as has desertification in (semi)arid areas. Little is thus known about the change in soil organic carbon (SOC) during alpine-cold grassland desertification. To quantify the impacts of desertification on vegetation, SOC and its active fractions in alpine-cold grasslands, areas of light desertified grassland, medium desertified grassland, heavy desertified grassland, serious desertified grassland, and nondesertified grassland were selected as experimental sites in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China. The species number, height and coverage of vegetation were surveyed, and the soil particle fractions, SOC and SOC active fractions (including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and labile organic carbon (LOC) were measured to a depth of 0–100 cm. The results showed that alpine-cold grassland desertification resulted in a significant reduction in vegetation cover, plant biomass, fine soil particles, SOC, DOC, LOC and MBC. The decreases in DOC, LOC and MBC were more rapid and apparent than were those in SOC, and the decrease in MBC was the most obvious among them. The rates of reduction in SOC concentrations accelerated as desertification progressed; most of the SOC was lost in the middle and later desertification stages, with lower losses during early desertification. The results indicate that active SOC fractions, particularly MBC, are more sensitive to desertification and can be used as sensitive indicators of desertification. Efforts to limit desertification and reduce SOC loss in alpine-cold grasslands should focus on early desertification stages and adopt strategies to prevent overgrazing and control the erosion of soil by wind.     

复杂山地随机介质GMM-ULTI法射线追踪

对复杂山地介质的非均质性以及介质中地震波运动学特征进行深入研究,对于提高复杂山地区域地震勘探的效果有着重要的理论意义和实际价值.为了研究复杂山地非均质性和该介质中地震波的一些运动特性,提出了一种复杂山地随机介质的建模方法和一种新的射线追踪算法.与常规算法相比,复杂山地随机介质的生成方法采用更贴近实际介质特点的梯度介质作为背景介质,并在模型生成过程中加入地形修正步骤;新提出的GMM-ULTI射线追踪算法,充分融合群推进法、迎风思想、走时插值法的优势,采用先计算走时后追踪射线路径的两步策略完成射线追踪.算法分析与计算实例表明:复杂山地随机介质的生成方法能灵活、精细且更贴近实际地刻画复杂山地介质的非均质特点;新射线追踪算法兼顾精度和效率、能无条件稳定且灵活地适应复杂山地随机介质的特点;同时基于对几个模型试算结果的分析也得出了复杂山地随机介质中的地震波的一些传播规律.     

鲁甸6.5级地震发震断层判定及其构造属性讨论

鲁甸6.5级地震是川滇菱形块体南南东向运动在青藏高原东缘与华南地块相互作用边界变形带上发生的一次中等强度地震.尽管野外应急科学考察没有发现明显的地震地表破裂带,但云南昭通防震减灾局局域地震台网记录到的余震条带状分布、震后科学考察获得的地震烈度长轴方位和极震区地震裂缝等显示出发震断层为NW向包谷垴-小河断裂,左旋走滑性质,属大凉山断裂南端部组成部分;库仑应力计算表明,鲁甸地震可对周边活动断层系历史地震空段产生应力加载作用,其地震危险性不容忽视.     

测高重力内区效应的推导与计算

为了提高测高重力恢复计算的精度,本文利用新方法计算沿轨测高垂线偏差分量,并在对逆Vening Meinesz公式的FFT算法进行分析的基础上导出了内区效应的计算公式.结果证明内区效应与逆Vening Meinesz公式奇异区内垂线偏差分量的梯度及奇异区面积的大小有关,与重力异常计算点及其附近的奇异区内的垂线偏差无直接关系.最后利用ERS_1卫星测高数据,根据本文提出的方法计算垂线偏差分量,采用本文导出的内区效应公式计算了北大西洋6°×6°区域内区效应对测高重力结果的影响.     

Lunar polar illumination based on Chang'E-1 laser altimeter

月球极区光照模型为研究月球车着陆点选择和水冰存在的探测提供了依据.利用“嫦娥一号”探月卫星获取的激光测高数据,得到了全月面高精度的数字高程模型(DEM),特别是在月球两极地区,地形细节清晰可见,为极区光照模型的建立提供了精确的数据基础.本文通过由测高数据建立的DEM和月球轨道参数相结合,采用地形最大高度角法,对月球极区的光照条件及其应用进行了研究和分析.光照率的计算周期为19年,考虑了黄道和白道交点进动的影响(18.6年).计算结果表明:(1)未发现有持续光照区;(2)有长久阴影区存在;(3)在南极或北极的夏季,撞击坑边沿高地处可以享受到连续的光照;(4) Shackleton撞击坑可以作为月球车着陆的首选目标之一.     

Unsteady inter-porosity flow modeling for a multiple media reservoir

The paper deals with unsteady inter-porosity flow modeling of underground fluid in a multiple media reservoir. Assuming spherical vugs, symmetrically distributed pressure, negligible inter-porosity flow between matrix and vug systems and centrifugal flow of the fluid from matrix blocks or vugs to fractures, and treating media directly connected with wellbore as the fracture system, we establish and solve a model of unsteady inter-porosity flow for dual and triple porosity media reservoirs. We provide simulated graphs of pressure and pressure derivative log-log type curves, and analyze the transient flow process and characteristics of type curves affected by different parameters. The new type curves of unsteady inter-porosity flow modeling are evidently different in shape and characteristics from those of pseudo-steady inter-porosity flow modeling. The location of dimensionless pressure of unsteady inter-porosity is lower than that of pseudo-steady inter-porosity, which indicates that unsteady inter-porosity flow accelerates an energy supplement during production. Qualitatively, the unsteady inter-porosity flow modeling reduces the classical V-shaped response. We also estimated parameters from well test data in real applications using this model.     

High-resolution frequency-domain Radon transform and variable-depth streamer data deghosting

Receiver ghost reflections adversely affect variable-depth streamer (VDS) data acquisition. In addition, the frequency notches caused by the interference between receiver ghosts and primary waves strongly affect seismic data processing and imaging. We developed a high-resolution Radon transform algorithm and used it to predict receiver ghosts from VDS data. The receiver ghost reflections are subtracted and removed from the raw data. We propose a forward Radon transform operator of VDS data in the frequency domain and, based on the ray paths of the receiver ghosts, we propose an inverse Radon transform operator. We apply the proposed methodology to model and field data with good results. We use matching and subtracting modules of commercially available seismic data processing software to remove the receiver ghosts. The frequency notches are compensated and the effective frequency bandwidth of the seismic data broadens.     

Kirchhoff型反偏移场稳相分析(英文)

在文献中,Kirchhoff型反偏移场的稳相分析主要是在下列两个条件下进行的:(1)等时面和目标反射面相切;(2)深度偏移像场信号的长度接近于零。对于与目标反射面不相切的等时面和长度远大于零的深度偏移像场子波,已有的结果将不再成立。为了在等时面和目标反射面不相切和深度偏移像场的子波长度远大于零的条件(一般条件)下对Kirchhoff型反偏移场进行稳相分析,我推导了出现在二维稳相分析公式中的诸因子的计算公式,并从中发现:(1)对于不同的等时面,距离差函数的稳相点具有不同的水平坐标;(2)Kirchhoff型真振幅反偏移的输出场由两部分(真振幅反偏移信号与振幅畸变因子)的乘积组成。由此得到下列两个结论:(1)一个给定的反偏移信号由多个深度偏移信号上的采样点组装而成,反偏移信号上的采样点个数等于对于这种组装有贡献的偏移信号的个数。(2)振幅畸变效应是Kirchhoff型反偏移中的固有效应,靠反偏移本身无法消除。如果一定要消除这种振幅畸变效应,必须对反偏移结果进行振幅校正。     

Perfectly matched layer-absorbing boundary condition for finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equations

The perfectly matched layer (PML) is a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition used for the numerical modeling of seismic wave equation. The article focuses on the application of this technique to finite-element time-domain numerical modeling of elastic wave equation. However, the finite-element time-domain scheme is based on the second-order wave equation in displacement formulation. Thus, the first-order PML in velocity-stress formulation cannot be directly applied to this scheme. In this article, we derive the finite-element matrix equations of second-order PML in displacement formulation, and accomplish the implementation of PML in finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equation. The PML has an approximate zero reflection coefficients for bulk and surface waves in the finite-element modeling of P-SV and SH wave propagation in the 2D homogeneous elastic media. The numerical experiments using a two-layer model with irregular topography validate the efficiency of PML in the modeling of seismic wave propagation in geological models with complex structures and heterogeneous media.     

基于结构导向的梯度属性边缘检测技术

地震数据中的不连续性检测对于识别和刻画地下地质体边界具有重要意义.随着勘探目标向岩性油藏和复杂断块油藏的转变,解释人员需要对小断裂、微裂缝等微幅地质体边界信息进行精细刻画.常规边缘检测算子由于算法的局限性不能满足上述需求.本文通过引入能量归一化和沿层检测思想对常规检测算子进行改进,提出一种基于结构导向的梯度属性边缘检测技术.该技术通过结构张量估计得到局部地层区域的倾角和方位角,利用得到的倾角和方位角信息作为约束,使用二维边缘检测算子实现三维数据中的沿层不连续性检测.经过实际资料处理,并与结构导向方差属性对比分析,证实该方法在地层不连续性检测方面具有很好效果,检测得到的不连续性信息在细节上表现更丰富,可以作为地层横向差异和地质体边界识别的有力工具.