太行山东麓焚风天气的统计特征和机理分析Ⅱ:背风波对焚风产生和传播影响的个例分析

利用中尺度模式WRF3.3对太行山东麓焚风典型个例进行了数值模拟。结果表明,太行山东麓焚风的发生和移动与山脉背风波密切相关。由此建立了太行山东麓焚风的概念模型:西北或偏西气流途经山西盆地、山西境内的山脉或高原,再越过太行山,在其东麓形成背风波。背风波的下沉气流气温按干绝热方式上升,同时下沉气流也会对低层大气产生压缩增温效应,使得太行山东麓产生焚风。背风波即为重力波,可以伴随着下沉气流向下游移动,正变温区同时也向东移动。变温区移动的速度和重力波的传播速度相同。背风波的产生,需要Scorer数向上足够的减小,而且不连续,即要求大气是稳定的且存在明显的风速切变。     

浑太流域降水极值的统计分布特征

基于浑太流域1966-2006年73个雨量站的日降水资料,建立了逐站年最大日降水量(AnnualMaximum,AM)序列和汛期4-9月日降水量<1.27mm.d-1的最长持续干旱天数(Munger Index,MI)序列,并对其时空分布规律进行了分析。采用广义极值(General Extreme Value,GEV)分布、广义帕雷托(General Pareto,GP)分布、韦布尔(Weibull,WB)分布、约翰逊SB(Jonhson SB,J-SB)分布、Burr分布和对数逻辑(Log-Logistic,L-LG)分布等6种极值分布函数对AM和MI序列进行了逐站分布拟合,结果表明,广泛应用的GEV分布整体拟合程度最好,有50个测站的KS检验统计量Dn<0.09,而未曾推广使用的Burr分布的拟合效果也非常好,有36个测站Dn<0.09。用GEV分布对50年一遇的AM和MI进行了估算,发现流域中心地区极端强降水和极端干旱的程度较高,分别为>208mm.d-1和>47d。     

旋转扁椭球水滴散射特性的快速算式研究

利用DDA(Discrete Dipole Approximation)算法产生的旋转扁椭球水滴散射特征数据进行了多项式拟合,以3.2mm波长为例,给出了两种偏振状态下后向散射和衰减效率的快速算式。对比分析了快速算式结果和DDA数据的独立样本,结果表明,快算结果的绝对相对误差在5%以内,而耗时仅用DDA算法产生这些数据所用时间的10-6量级。所得结果可直接用于云降水区含扁椭球形水滴情况下的雷达回波模拟、雷达资料定量处理和毫米波雷达的衰减订正等,此方法还可用于其他波长、形状的水滴和冰晶。     

青藏高原4月陆面状况和地表加热异常与中国夏季降水的联系

利用1981—2002年GIMMS-NDVI资料、中国西部数据中心提供的雪深长时间序列数据集、中国753个测站降水资料及ECMWF再分析地表通量资料,通过相关和合成分析等统计方法,探讨了青藏高原(下称高原)4月植被覆盖、积雪异常与地表加热异常和与后期中国夏季降水之间的联系。结果表明,高原4月的陆面状况与同期的地表加热存在密切的联系,植被覆盖和积雪深度的变化具有较好的一致性;高原植被覆盖(积雪)主要影响地表感热(潜热)通量,从而改变高原地区的地表加热;高原地表加热和中国夏季降水存在较为密切的关系。就年际异常而言,前期高原地表加热异常与长江以南地区6月降水存在明显的负相关,与7月降水的显著负相关区域主要位于华北、东北地区,与8月降水的显著负相关区主要位于长江中上游及淮河一带。相比之下,前期高原地表加热与夏季降水的年际增幅异常之间存在更为密切的联系,即前期高原地表加热年际增幅异常与长江以南及西南部分地区6月降水年际增幅异常为负相关,而与7、8月降水年际增幅异常主要呈南正北负的分布特征。     

乌鲁木齐夏季强降水过程GPS-PWV的演变特征

利用乌鲁木齐GPS观测站数据反演得到1h间隔GPS遥测的大气可降水量(GPS-PWV)和乌鲁木齐自动气象站逐时降水资料,分析了乌鲁木齐地区夏季10次中雨以上降水过程的GPS-PWV演变特征。结果表明,乌鲁木齐地区的强降水过程中GPS-PWV呈现出明显的1～3天增湿过程和1～2次跃变过程,且降水时GPS-PWV几乎约为气候平均值的2倍,跃变过程与降水发生和结束有较好的关系,可为干旱区降水短期预报提供一个明确的水汽演变指标。     

基于多种探测资料对武汉一次短时暴雪天气的监测分析

利用Thies Clima激光雨滴谱仪、MP3000A微波辐射仪、多普勒雷达和人工加密观测资料,分析了2011年2月12日武汉一次暴雪天气过程的演变特征。结果表明:(1)在这次短时暴雪过程中,先后出现了降雨、雨夹雪和纯降雪3个阶段,激光雨滴谱仪监测到该降雨阶段的雨滴谱较宽,最大直径达4.5mm,数浓度比较小,为2～5 429个.m-3.mm-1,雨滴谱型呈双峰型分布特点;(2)微波辐射仪对水汽相态监测显示,08:12-09:34(世界时)期间在1.5～3.5km过冷层比湿维持14～16g.kg-1大值区,之后迅速由雨夹雪过程(仅16min)过渡到纯降雪阶段,在65min内武汉站降雪量达到5.035mm,占整个降雪量的80%以上;(3)雷达反射率因子与粒子谱宽和数浓度密切相关,若后两者越大则对应的雷达回波强度也越大;同时还发现,与微波辐射仪反演的水汽密度、激光雨滴谱仪测得的降水强度也有较好的对应关系,若将这些结合起来对降水的相态变化、强度、量级和持续时间有很好的监测能力。     

数字调绘在DLG数据更新中的应用

随着测绘技术的迅猛发展,内业处理已全面进入数字化阶段,但传统的外业调绘方式已经成为地理信息数据快速更新的“瓶颈”,不能完全满足现代测绘的需要。本文总结了数字调绘系统与传统调绘方法的各自优缺点,设计了一种数字调绘系统。该系统作为一个易操作的平台,降低了劳动强度,提高了数据精度,节约了生产成本。数字调绘为地理信息数据的快速更新提取提供了一种较好的技术手段,必将是今后航测外业的发展方向。     

全野外数字化测图中高程数据出错的解决办法

在全野外数字化测图中,高程数据质量的好坏,直接影响地形图产品的质量,文章针对利用全站仪进行全野外数字化测图工作中,高程数据容易出错的几个环节,提出对高程数据出错的解决的方法。     

Characterization of atmospheric surfactants in the bulk precipitation by electrochemical tools

Characterization of atmospheric surfactants in bulk precipitations was carried out by adsorption study at the mercury electrode/solution interface using phase sensitive AC voltammetry. The structure and permeability of the adsorbed organic films at the mercury electrode was tested using the redox processes of lead and cadmium ions as electrochemical tools. The effects of organic matter from the bulk precipitations (rainwater and melted snow) were compared to those obtained for aqueous solutions of model substances: aromatic hydrocarbon (naphtalene), anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, NDBS), protein (albumine) and selected model substances suggested to be representative of water soluble organic compounds (WSOC) in atmospheric water (monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, and polyacidic compounds and levoglucosan). It was found that substances like humic acid and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid may play an important role in atmospheric heterogeneous chemistry because of their surface active potential.     

A new design of the LAPS land surface scheme for use over and through heterogeneous and non-heterogeneous surfaces: Numerical simulations and tests

Numerical simulations and tests with the recently redesigned land–air parameterization scheme (LAPS) are presented. In all experiments, supported either by one-point micrometeorological, 1D or 3D simulations, the attention has been directed to: (1) comparison of simulation outputs, expressing the energy transfer over and through heterogeneous and non-heterogeneous surfaces, versus observations and (2) analysis of uncertainties occurring in the solution of the energy balance equation at the land–air interface. To check the proposed method for aggregation of albedo, “propagating hole” sensitivity tests with LAPS over a sandstone rock grid cell have been performed with the forcing meteorological data for July 17, 1999 in Baxter site, Philadelphia (USA). Micrometeorological and biophysical measurements from the surface experiments conducted over crops and apple orchard in Serbia, Poland, Austria and France were used to test the operation of LAPS in calculating surface fluxes and canopy environment temperatures within and above plant covers of different densities. In addition, sensitivity tests with single canopy covers over the Central Europe region and comparison against the observations taken from SYNOP data using 3D simulations were made. Validation of LAPS performances over a solid surface has been done by comparison of 2 m air temperature observations against 5-day simulations over the Sahara Desert rocky ground using 3D model. To examine how realistically the LAPS simulates surface processes over a heterogeneous surface, we compared the air temperature measured at 2 m and that predicted by the 1D model with the LAPS as the surface scheme. Finally, the scheme behaviour over urban surface was tested by runs over different parts of a hypothetical urban area. The corresponding 1D simulations were carried out with an imposed meteorological dataset collected during HAPEX-MOBILHY experiment at Caumont (France). The quantities predicted by the LAPS compare well with the observations and the various subcomponents of the scheme appear to operate realistically.