农地转用过程中土地增值收益分配研究综述

连续八年的中央＂一号文件＂均是关于＂三农＂问题,而处于其核心的农地增值收益分配问题研究,经过较长时间的演变与发展,取得了不少的成果,但仍在很多方面存在分歧,有必要对相关研究进行整理分析。本文从土地增值收益分配的理论依据、增值收益额的确定与分类、增值收益分配的现状研究以及分配方式方法等方面综述了国内外相关研究情况,并且从研究方法、土地增值收益分配理念等方面进行了总结,提出今后相关研究应当关注的农民绝对生活保障与相对满意度、区域内征地补偿的相对公平性、动态分配机制等问题。     

Hypsometry of Titan

Cassini RADAR topography data are used to evaluate Titan’s hypsometric profile, and to make comparisons with other planetary bodies. Titan’s hypsogram is unimodal and strikingly narrow compared with the terrestrial planets. To investigate topographic extremes, a novel variant on the classic hypsogram is introduced, with a logarithmic abscissa to highlight mountainous terrain. In such a plot, the top of the terrestrial hypsogram is quite distinct from those of Mars and Venus due to the ‘glacial buzz-saw’ that clips terrestrial topography above the snowline. In contrast to the positive skew seen in other hypsograms, with a long tail of positive relief due to mountains, there is an indication (weak, given the limited data for Titan so far) that the Titan hypsogram appears slightly negatively skewed, suggesting a significant population of unfilled depressions. Limited data permit only a simplistic comparison of Titan topography with other icy satellites but we find that the standard deviation of terrain height (albeit at different scales) is similar to those of Ganymede and Europa.     

Biochip for astrobiological applications: Investigation of low energy protons effects on antibody performances

Antibody-based micro-arrays instruments are very promising tools for the search for biomarkers in planetary exploration missions. Since such instruments have never been used in this context, it is important to test their resistance to space constraints. In particular, cosmic particles might be deleterious. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of low energy protons (2 MeV) on antibody performances with fluences levels much greater than expected for a typical mission to Mars. We show that these particles do not alter significantly the antibody recognition capability for both free (in solution) and grafted (covalently bound to the support) freeze–dried antibodies. Details of the freeze–dried drying process used to optimize antibody performances during our experiments are also presented.     

Large-Scale Variation of Solar Wind Electron Properties from Quasi-Thermal Noise Spectroscopy: Ulysses Measurements

The transport of energy in space plasmas, especially in the solar wind, is far from being understood. Measuring the temperature of the electrons and their non-thermal properties is essential to understand the transport properties in collisionless plasmas. Quasi-thermal noise spectroscopy is a reliable tool for measuring the electron temperature accurately since it is less sensitive to the spacecraft perturbations than particle detectors. We apply this method to Ulysses radio data obtained during the first pole-to-pole fast latitude scan in the high-speed solar wind, using a kappa function to describe the electron velocity distribution. We deduce the variations with heliocentric distance between 1.5 and 2.3 AU in the fast solar wind at high latitude in terms of three fitting parameters: the electron density varies as n _e??R ^?1.96±0.08, the electron temperature as T _e??R ^?0.53±0.15, and the kappa index of the distribution remains constant at ??=2.0±0.2. These observations agree with the predictions of the exospheric theory.     

Tracking flux melting and melt percolation in supra-subduction peridotites (Josephine ophiolite,USA)

Here, we investigate the scale and nature of melting and melt percolation processes recorded by 17 supra-subduction peridotites collected in a ~70 km² area in the northern portion of the Josephine ophiolite (Western USA). We present major and trace element variations in whole rocks; major elements in olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel; and trace elements [including rare earth element (REE)] in clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene. In the Josephine peridotites, compositional variability occurs at different scales. On the one hand, large systematic changes from depleted to fertile peridotites occur on large kilometer scales. Field, petrological and geochemical data can be consistently explained if the Josephine mantle experienced variable degrees of hydrous flux melting (10 to >20–23 %), and we argue that small fractions of subduction-derived fluids (0.015–0.1 wt%) were pervasive in the ~70 km² studied area, and continuously supplied during wedge melting. Fluid localization probably led to increased extent of flux melting in the harzburgitic areas. On the other hand, in single outcrops, sharp transitions from dunite to harzburgite to lherzolite and olivine websterite can be found on meter to centimeter scales. Thus, some fertile samples may reflect limited degrees of refertilization at the outcrop scale. In addition, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene in ultra-depleted harzburgites (Spinel Cr# > 58) show variable degrees of LREE enrichment, which reflect percolation of and partial re-equilibration with, small fractions of boninite melt. Because the enriched samples also show the highest spinel Cr#, we argue that these enrichments are local features connected to the presence of dunite channels nearby. Lastly, trace element concentrations of pyroxenes in Josephine harzburgites show that they are one of the most depleted harzburgites among worldwide ophiolitic peridotites, indicating particularly high degrees of melting, potentially past the exhaustion of clinopyroxene.     

Bolla Bollana boulder beds: A Neoproterozoic trough mouth fan in South Australia?

The Bolla Bollana Formation is an exceptionally thick (ca 1500 m), rift‐related sedimentary succession cropping out in the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia, which was deposited during the Sturtian (mid Cryogenian) glaciation. Lithofacies analysis reveals three distinct facies associations which chart changing depositional styles on an ice‐sourced subaqueous fan system. The diamictite facies association is dominant, and comprises both massive and stratified varieties with a range of clast compositions and textures, arranged into thick beds (1 to 20 m), representing stacked, ice‐proximal glaciogenic debris‐flow deposits. A channel belt facies association, most commonly consisting of normally graded conglomerates and sandstones, displays scour and fill structure of ca 10 m width and 1 to 3 m depth: these strata are interpreted as channelized turbidites. Rare mud‐filled channels in this facies association bear glacially striated lonestones. Finally, a sheet heterolithics facies association contains a range of conglomerates through sandstones to silty shales arranged into clear, normally graded cycles from the lamina to bed scale. These record a variety of non‐channelized turbidites, probably occupying distal and/or inter‐channel locations on the subaqueous fan. Coarsening and thickening‐up cycles, capped by dolomicrites or mudstones, are indicative of lobe build out and abandonment, potentially as a result of ice lobe advance and stagnation. Dropstones, recognized by downwarped and punctured laminae beneath pebbles to boulders in shale, or in delicate climbing ripple cross‐laminated siltstones, are clearly indicative of ice rafting. The co‐occurrence of ice‐rafted debris and striated lonestones strongly supports a glaciogenic sediment source for the diamictites. Comparison to Pleistocene analogues enables an interpretation as a trough mouth fan, most probably deposited leeward of a palaeo‐ice stream. Beyond emphasizing the highly dynamic nature of Sturtian ice sheets, these interpretations testify to the oldest trough mouth fan recorded to date.     

微钻取样-TIMS/MC-ICPMS和LA-MC-ICPMS分析矿物岩石87Sr/86Sr比值的技术比较

微区Sr同位素体系相对于传统全岩Sr同位素研究,可以揭示样品自身存在的不均一性,更好地反映样品经历的地质过程,已被广泛应用于各种地质研究领域,如研究壳幔相互作用、岩浆起源和演化,岩浆体系开放性研究,沉积盆地物源示踪及气候环境研究。准确测定Rb-Sr同位素比值是应用该同位素体系的前提。微钻取样-热电离质谱/多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(TIMS/MC-ICPMS)和激光剥蚀多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)作为分析地质样品微区Sr同位素组成的有效手段,已经得到了较为广泛的应用。两种技术在样品制备、干扰校正和质谱测试等方面各具优势和不足。微钻取样-TIMS/MC-ICPMS的最大优势是可获得高精度的Sr同位素数据(外精度优于100×10-6,2SD);但由于需要进行化学处理,流程繁琐耗时(约10天),实验周期较长,同时需要严格控制化学流程空白,且取样直径(200~2000μm)和取样深度(100~2000μm)较大,空间分辨率较低,但是该方法可以对高Rb样品(如钾长石)进行有效分析。LA-MC-ICPMS的最大优势是样品制备简单,数小时即可完成,且分析效率高,根据样品Sr含量的大小激光束斑直径多在60~300μm之间变化,其空间分辨率较前一种方法高,可在短时间内对大量样品进行分析。但由于不能进行化学分离,分析过程中存在多种干扰(如Rb、Ca、Kr和REEs等),影响了测试的精度(约200×10-6,2SD)和准确度(约150×10-6)。该方法目前只能对高Sr低Rb的样品(如斜长石、磷灰石等)进行有效分析,而对于干扰元素含量较高的样品目前无法应用。本文认为,对于微钻取样法,应将改进化学流程作为重点研究方向,提高化学处理效率,同时改善微钻取样法的取样技术,减小取样直径和深度以提高空间分辨率;对于激光剥蚀法,重点突破Kr、Rb和二价REEs等干扰校正问题,提高干扰元素含量较高的样品的分析精度和准确度,同时需要提高仪器灵敏度以满足低Sr含量样品的分析要求。     

星载激光测风技术体制及其评估方法综述

星载激光测风雷达是探测全球风场的重要工具。目前由欧洲空间局研制的全球首颗星载激光测风卫星Aeolus已于2018年8月顺利升空部署,美国和日本也在积极论证和研制新的星载激光测风雷达技术体制,分别采用混合多普勒测风雷达HDWL（Hybrid Doppler Wind Lidar）和相干多普勒测风雷达CDWL（Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar）技术体制。本文简要介绍了Aeolus、HDWL和CDWL技术体制,并根据前人的研究成果,从数据获取率和获取量、风场探测精度以及对数值预报系统的改进作用对这3种技术体制进行了评估综述。研究结果表明以气溶胶和云滴粒子为示踪物进行的大气风场探测具有更高的探测精度,其测风精度约为0—2 m/s,其探测范围为边界层和对流层下层;以大气分子为示踪物的大气风场探测精度相对较低,其精度约为1—3 m/s,但其具有更大的探测范围。根据3种星载激光测风雷达技术体制,Aeolus和HDWL具备探测边界层和对流层的大气风场能力,CDWL只能获取边界层至对流层下层的风场数据,HDWL体制相比Aeolus和CDWL,能够获取更多的风场探测数据,且能够实现较高精度水平风场矢量探测数据。OSSE（Observing System Simulation Experiments）实验表明,将星载激光测风雷达风场探测资料同化到数值预报系统之后,预报结果得到明显的改善,在双星联合探测体制下,更大的风场探测范围相比径向风场的探测更有助于提升数值预报系统的精度,而径向风场的探测将更好地提升星下点的探测精度。HDWL体制相比Aeolus和CDWL,由于其探测范围更广,且可以实现径向风速的探测,故推测其对数值预报系统的精度的提升作用更明显。对这3种技术体制的分析评估可为发展中国的星载激光测风雷达技术体制提供参考。     

川中雷口坡组膏盐岩成因及对储层的影响

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、成岩孔隙演化与埋藏史关系研究等手段,分析了川中雷口坡组膏盐岩微相的成因及其演化,并从沉积相、成岩过程、构造作用三个方面论述了膏盐岩对川中雷口坡组储层的控制与影响。研究表明,川中雷口坡组膏盐岩形成于受限陆表海的潮坪环境,其微相分为潮上带的膏盐池、潮间带的膏盐湖和局限潮下带的膏盐盆;其成因可分为潮上带浓卤水在低洼处汇聚成因或潮间潮下带表层浓卤水下沉置换成因;其分布与海平面升降导致的膏盐岩沉积中心迁移有关,同时与点滩的分布也有一定联系。膏盐岩的形成以及同生—准同生期溶蚀、表生期溶蚀垮塌、中—深埋藏期的硫酸盐热化学还原反应产生的埋藏溶蚀等作用对川中雷口坡组中上部储层的形成控制有重要贡献。此外,膏盐岩的底辟作用和构造运动产生的裂缝、断层,对烃源的运移、气藏的重新分布起着一定的促进作用。     

Modeling intraday oscillations of the Earth’s pole

An amplitude-frequency analysis of a few-parameter model for intraday oscillations of the Earth’s pole induced by gravitational-tidal torques exerted by the Sun and the Moon is presented. The characteristic features of the intraday oscillations in the polar coordinates are found using the dynamical Euler-Liouville equations, taking into account irregular perturbations. The modeling results for the polar motion are compared with high-accuracy VLBI observations over short time intervals. An amplitude-frequency analysis of the polar oscillations and the second zonal harmonic c ₂₀ of the geopotential is presented.