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691.
We present evidence for a thick (∼100 km) sequence of cogenetic rocks which make up the root of the Sierra Nevada batholith
of California. The Sierran magmatism produced tonalitic and granodioritic magmas which reside in the Sierra Nevada upper-
to mid-crust, as well as deep eclogite facies crust/upper mantle mafic–ultramafic cumulates. Samples of the mafic–ultramafic
sequence are preserved as xenoliths in Miocene volcanic rocks which erupted through the central part of the batholith. We
have performed Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd mineral geochronologic analyses on seven fresh, cumulate textured, olivine-free mafic–ultramafic
xenoliths with large grainsize, one garnet peridotite, and one high pressure metasedimentary rock. The garnet peridotite,
which equilibrated at ∼130 km beneath the batholith, yields a Miocene (10 Ma) Nd age, indicating that in this sample, the
Nd isotopes were maintained in equilibrium up to the time of entrainment. All other samples equilibrated between ∼35 and 100
km beneath the batholith and yield Sm-Nd mineral ages between 80 and 120 Ma, broadly coincident with the previously established
period of most voluminous batholithic magmatism in the Sierra Nevada. The Rb-Sr ages are generally consistent with the Sm-Nd
ages, but are more scattered. The 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd intercepts of the igneous-textured xenoliths are similar to the ratios published for rocks outcroping in the central Sierra
Nevada. We interpret the mafic/ultramafic xenoliths to be magmatically related to the upper- and mid-crustal granitoids as
cumulates and/or restites. This more complete view of the vertical dimension in a batholith indicates that there is a large
mass of mafic–ultramafic rocks at depth which complement the granitic batholiths, as predicted by mass balance calculations
and experimental studies. The Sierran magmatism was a large scale process responsible for segregating a column of ∼30 km thick
granitoids from at least ∼70 km of mainly olivine free mafic–ultramafic residues/cumulates. These rocks have resided under
the batholith as granulite and eclogite facies rocks for at least 70 million years. The presence of this thick mafic–ultramafic
keel also calls into question the existence of a “flat” (i.e., shallowly subducted) slab at Central California latitudes during
Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic, in contrast to the southernmost Sierra Nevada and Mojave regions.
Received: 27 December 1997 / Accepted: 11 June 1998 相似文献
692.
Peter Good Jonathan M. Gregory Jason A. Lowe Timothy Andrews 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(3-4):1041-1053
A fast simple climate modelling approach is developed for predicting and helping to understand general circulation model (GCM) simulations. We show that the simple model reproduces the GCM results accurately, for global mean surface air temperature change and global-mean heat uptake projections from 9 GCMs in the fifth coupled model inter-comparison project (CMIP5). This implies that understanding gained from idealised CO2 step experiments is applicable to policy-relevant scenario projections. Our approach is conceptually simple. It works by using the climate response to a CO2 step change taken directly from a GCM experiment. With radiative forcing from non-CO2 constituents obtained by adapting the Forster and Taylor method, we use our method to estimate results for CMIP5 representative concentration pathway (RCP) experiments for cases not run by the GCMs. We estimate differences between pairs of RCPs rather than RCP anomalies relative to the pre-industrial state. This gives better results because it makes greater use of available GCM projections. The GCMs exhibit differences in radiative forcing, which we incorporate in the simple model. We analyse the thus-completed ensemble of RCP projections. The ensemble mean changes between 1986–2005 and 2080–2099 for global temperature (heat uptake) are, for RCP8.5: 3.8 K (2.3 × 1024 J); for RCP6.0: 2.3 K (1.6 × 1024 J); for RCP4.5: 2.0 K (1.6 × 1024 J); for RCP2.6: 1.1 K (1.3 × 1024 J). The relative spread (standard deviation/ensemble mean) for these scenarios is around 0.2 and 0.15 for temperature and heat uptake respectively. We quantify the relative effect of mitigation action, through reduced emissions, via the time-dependent ratios (change in RCPx)/(change in RCP8.5), using changes with respect to pre-industrial conditions. We find that the effects of mitigation on global-mean temperature change and heat uptake are very similar across these different GCMs. 相似文献
693.
694.
Dennis Finn Kirk L. Clawson Roger G. Carter Jason D. Rich Chris Biltoft Martin Leach 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,136(3):431-456
Concentration variability in the fast-response tracer dataset for continuous, near-surface, point source releases in the urban
core from the Joint Urban 2003 field study is analyzed. Concentration variability for conditionally and unconditionally sampled
time series is characterized by probability densities, concentration fluctuation intensity, skewness, and kurtosis. Significant
day-night differences in plume dispersion are observed. Relative to daytime, nighttime plumes were more likely to have reduced
concentration fluctuation intensities, higher normalized surface concentrations, suppressed vertical mixing, and a greater
prevalence of Gaussian-like distributions rather than log-normal or mixed mode distributions. This was in spite of the similar
stability and turbulence conditions in the urban core for day and night. The potential roles of flow meander and thermal stability
in explaining these differences are examined. Probability densities of concentration are found to be a strong function of
fluctuation intensity. There are few differences in probability densities between day and night when classified by fluctuation
intensity. There are no appreciable differences between conditional and unconditional probability densities and only small
differences between conditional and unconditional sampling statistics relative to the larger differences usually observed
in more homogeneous settings. Fluctuation intensity, skewness, and kurtosis are higher for the daytime experiments, and closer
to the source, but show little difference between conditional and unconditional results over most of their range of values.
The log-normal distribution provides a better overall fit to a broader range of the dataset than the exponential or clipped-normal
distributions. 相似文献