A simple approach to evaluating leakage through thin impervious element of high embankment dams

Internal erosion is the most common reason which induces failure of embankment dams besides overtopping. Relatively large leakage is frequently concentrated at defects of impervious element, and this will lead to eventual failure. The amount of leakage depends not only on integrity of impervious element, but also on dam height, shape of valley, shape of impervious element and water level in reservoir. The integrity of impervious element, which represents the relative level of seepage safety, is not easy to be determined quantitatively. A simple method for generalization of steady seepage state of embankment dams with thin impervious element is proposed in this paper. The apparent overall value of permeability coefficient for impervious element can be obtained by this method with reasonable accuracy and efficiency. A defect parameter of impervious element is defined as an index to characterize seepage safety of embankment dams. It equals the ratio of the apparent overall value of permeability coefficient to the measured value in laboratory for intact materials. Subsequently, seepage safety of three dams is evaluated and the evolution of defect level of impervious element of dams is investigated. It is proved that the newly proposed method in this paper is feasible in the evaluation of relative seepage safety level of embankment dams with thin impervious element.     

西秦岭温泉—中川一带金属矿床的成矿规律及找矿预测

西秦岭温泉—中川一带实施的1:5万矿产地质调查项目,共圈定1:5万局部高磁异常33处,1:5万地球化学综合异常11处,发现矿点2处,矿化点5处,矿种有金、钼、铁、铜、铷等。通过分析研究区成矿地质条件、1:5万地球物理和地球化学综合异常特征、矿(化)点特征及分布规律等,阐明了该区成矿时空分布规律和矿产共生组合规律,划分成矿远景区9处,提交找矿靶区6处。对其中2处找矿靶区进行槽探验证的结果为: 关子镇幅玉杨观找矿靶区圈定了4条含铷矿化伟晶岩脉和多处铁矿化破碎蚀变带,具有形成伟晶岩型铷矿的潜力; 礼县幅李坝金矿床南侧百叶沟—河西沟找矿靶区圈定了14条蚀变破碎带,在矿化蚀变带内圈定了11条金矿(化)体,具有形成构造蚀变岩(微细粒浸染状)型金矿床的潜力。     

南阿尔金泥盆纪中基性杂岩体的成因及其地质意义研究

出露于南阿尔金西段的塔什萨依辉长岩和闪长岩及其内花岗质细脉是古生代多期岩浆活动的产物,它们构成了南阿尔金俯冲碰撞杂岩带的一部分,是深入探讨该地区构造演化过程的良好材料。本文通过对这些地质体野外地质特征、岩石学、地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年代学和锆石Hf同位素特征的系统研究,以期确定其形成时代、源区性质和岩石成因,为深入探讨南阿尔金俯冲碰撞杂岩带的演化过程提供进一步约束。本文研究表明:辉长岩和闪长岩具相对较高的SiO_2含量(50.4%~53.5%)和Mg#(57~80),低的K_2O/Na_2O比值(0.17~0.67),为钙碱性系列岩石;辉长岩的∑REE偏低(36.9×10~(-6)~83.1×10~(-6)),Eu正异常(δEu=1.17~1.85);闪长岩∑REE稍高(182×10~(-6)~190×10~(-6)),Eu负异常(δEu=0.85~0.86);二者相对富集LREE和LILE,亏损HFSE。其主量元素特征、微量元素(高Nb、Zr含量,低Zr/Y比值)、锆石Hf同位素和Sr-Nd同位素组成表明二者应为大陆板内伸展背景下软流圈交代的岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物,并在其岩浆演化过程中经历了地壳混染和分离结晶作用。花岗质细脉具高的Si O2含量(72.4%～75.5%)和K_2O/Na_2O比值(2.33～2.56),属于钾玄岩系列岩石;与闪长岩相比,两者微量元素蛛网图相似,但花岗质细脉轻重稀土分馏程度较大,Eu负异常(δEu=0.55～0.61)和P、Ti的亏损更加显著。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,辉长岩形成时代约为400～420Ma;闪长岩和其内花岗质细脉的形成时代基本一致,约为400Ma,并具有相似的锆石Hf同位素组成和Sr-Nd同位素组成,结合地球化学特征及野外产状,推测花岗质细脉为闪长岩分异的产物。结合南阿尔金区域地质背景综合分析,塔什萨依辉长岩和闪长岩起源于造山后伸展背景下软流圈交代的岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,并经历了地壳混染和分离结晶作用;而闪长岩进一步分异形成花岗质细脉,并在其形成过程中可能伴随少量壳源熔融物质的加入。     

The Derivation and Validation of TBM Disc Cutter Wear Prediction Model

The problem of disc cutter wear is inevitable when shield or TBM excavating hard rock for a long distance, thus, the study of disc cutter wear model has an important project value on predicting its service life and replacement opportunity. It is put forward by analyzing disc cutter wear mechanism that the main wear form is abrasive wear, which is based on plastic removal mechanism. Then, disc cutter wear rate and linear wear rate prediction models are obtained by approximate calculation and mathematical deduction, which are based on Rabinowicz equation and CSM model. At last, the two models are verified through field test data from three projects, and the results show that the prediction model can accurately reflect the real wear situation of disc cutter.     

水库运行对漫湾库区洲滩水热交换影响

以澜沧江漫湾水库库区洲滩为研究对象,依据水库运行导致的水位波动特征,同步监测洲滩内部水位、水温变化过程,核算洲滩侧向潜流交换量,建立水温与水位之间的响应关系,分析潜流交换水流路径上溶解氧、溶解性碳素变化。结果表明:水库运行引起洲滩水位周期性波动,侧向潜流交换加强,洲滩水位最大变幅达2.2 m,水库一次蓄泄过程进出洲滩的水量达3 956 m^3,洲滩边缘区潜流交换量为中心区的4~5倍;在涨水过程中,洲滩水温下降,中底层温度梯度较大,而在落水过程中,洲滩水温上升,中表层温度梯度较大;溶解氧、溶解性有机碳和无机碳在河流至洲滩潜流交换路径上同步递减,分别从3.27 mg/L、7.3 mg/L和66.0 mg/L下降至0.17 mg/L、2.4mg/L和40.6 mg/L。水库运行导致的水位波动加强了库区洲滩潜流交换,对河流物质循环产生潜在影响。     

Mid-Cretaceous Hothouse Climate and the Expansion of Early Angiosperms

The remarkable transition of early angiosperms from a small to a dominant group characterized the terrestrial ecosystem of the Cretaceous. This transition was instigated and promoted by environmental changes. Mid-Cretaceous is characterized by major geological events that affected the global environment. δ18O, palaeothermometer TEX86, and other climatic indices from marine sediments suggest rapid temperature increase during mid-Cretaceous despite occasional short cooling events. Simultaneously, terrestrial deposits in East Asia changed from coal-bearing to shale, then to red beds and evaporites. Plant assemblages and other paleoclimate indicators point to rapid aridification for mid-Cretaceous terrestrial environments. In addition, the wildfires were frequently spread all over the earth by the numerous charcoal evidence during the Mid-Cretaceous. Thus, we speculate that the seasonally dry and hot conditions of mid-Cretaceous created a fiery hothouse world. Early angiosperms increased in abundance and diversity and evolved from a few aquatic species to terrestrial herbaceous and then to the diversified flora of today. Angiosperms showed rapid physiological evolution in vein density and leaf area that improved photosynthesis and water absorption. These ecophysiological changes made early angiosperms well adapted to the hot and dry environment in mid-Cretaceous. Moreover, these physiological changes facilitated the fire–angiosperm cycles in mid-Cretaceous that likely further stimulated the early angiosperm evolution.     

能源富集区产业结构时空差异及演化

针对能源富集区产业结构时空差异与演化分析不足的问题,该文运用利用HHI指数、空间基尼系数和产业结构差异系数对1995—2014年陕甘宁蒙能源富集区产业结构的时空格局差异及演化特征进行研究。结果表明:1995—2014年能源富集区第二产业比重第三产业比重第一产业比重,表现为"二三一"产业结构模式,是典型的以第二产业为主导的产业结构;1995—2014年陕甘宁蒙能源富集区第一产业集聚程度围绕0.04呈现小幅度变化趋势,第二、三产业的集聚程度下降趋势明显;通过考虑经济总量的分析,发现各次产业相对量仍呈集中态势,得出陕甘宁蒙能源富集区县域三次产业相对集中的结论;能源富集区三次产业结构的空间差异性不显著,年际变化较小,能源富集区需要加快推进产业结构优化升级以带动经济的可持续发展。     

集体土地不动产确权登记试点工作中重点问题剖析

结合古蔺县农村土地范围内不动产确权登记入库项目,简述了项目概况和基本原则,详述了在集体土地不动产登记确权试点中实际出现的一些核心问题并提出切实可行的解决办法。     

西藏班戈错水菱镁矿藻类成矿实验及其成因分析

目前关于天然水菱镁矿的形成认识主要有蒸发沉积成因和生物成因两类。前人在室内成功制备出水菱镁矿矿物,证实了该矿物的无机成因理论,但是实验结晶条件明显高于西藏班戈错的寒冷气候条件和水化学条件,并且班戈错湖水通过自然蒸发结晶也难以形成水菱镁矿矿物,而这一认识与周边阶地上正在形成水菱镁矿的现象相矛盾。因此,自然蒸发沉积可能不是现阶段班戈错水菱镁矿的主要形成过程,而已有研究表明,藻类具备诱导形成碳酸盐矿物的能力,本文利用西藏班戈错Ⅲ湖湖水及其藻类开展室内模拟实验,并与无藻类的湖水自然结晶结果相对照,探讨藻类生命活动与班戈错水菱镁矿的成因联系。研究发现,藻类不仅能够适应高盐度盐水环境（矿化度117.3 g/L）,并且在其光合作用过程中还能显著提高周围水体pH值（最高可达10.564）,诱导并促进球碳镁石在藻类网状节点处结晶沉淀,该矿物进一步脱水即能够形成水菱镁矿矿物;而人为提高班戈错Ⅲ湖湖水Mg2+浓度也仅能结晶形成三水菱镁矿矿物,无球碳镁石或水菱镁矿结晶析出。因此,西藏班戈错水菱镁矿的形成过程与藻类生物成矿作用密切相关,但是有关球碳镁石向水菱镁矿转变的具体条件以及藻类成矿作用的具体分子机制仍不清楚,有待于进一步研究。