Marine debris from the Oregon Dungeness crab fishery recovered in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: identification and oceanic drift paths

Two Dungeness crab trap tags and floats lost off the State of Oregon, USA during the 2006-2007 fishing season were recovered 4years later in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI): on Lisianski Island on July 15, 2010; and on Kure Atoll on December 10, 2010. This is the first documented recovery of marine debris from Oregon fisheries in the NWHI. We simulate the oceanic drift tracks of the derelict fishing gear with the Ocean Surface Current Simulator (OSCURS) model using estimated loss dates in Oregon based on interviews with the crab trap owners and known recovery sites and dates in the NWHI. These data confirm the US Pacific Northwest as a source of marine debris deposited in the NWHI and provide enhanced understanding of the oceanic drift pathways of marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean.     

Metal speciation and environmental impact on sandy beaches due to El Salvador copper mine, Chile

Several coastal rocky shores in northern Chile have been affected by the discharges of copper mine tailings. The present study aims to analyze the chemical speciation of heavy metals in relation to the diversity of sessile species in the rocky intertidal benthic community on the northern Chilean coast, which is influenced by the presence of copper mine tailings. In particular, the chemical forms of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in beach sediment samples collected in the area influenced by El Salvador mine tailings were studied using a sequential chemical extraction method. In general, all the elements present a maximum concentration in the area near the actual discharge point (Caleta Palito). With regard to Cu and Mn, the concentrations range between 7.2-985 and 746-22,739 microg/g respectively, being lower than background levels only in the control site of Caleta Zenteno. Moreover, the correlation coefficients highlight that Fe, Mn and Ni correlate significantly and positively in the studied area, showing a possible common, natural origin, whilst Cu shows a negative correlation with Fe, Mn and Ni. It could be possible that Cu has an anthropogenic origin, coming from mining activity in the area. Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn are mostly associated with the residual phase, whilst Cu presents a different speciation pattern, as resulted from selective extractions. In fact, Cu is highly associated with organic and exchangeable phases in contaminated localities, whilst it is mainly bound to the residual phase in control sites. Moreover, our results, compared to local biological diversity, showed that those sites characterized by the highest metal concentrations in bioavailable phase had the lowest biodiversity.     

Vertical cross contamination of trichloroethylene in a borehole in fractured sandstone

Boreholes drilled through contaminated zones in fractured rock create the potential for vertical movement of contaminated ground water between fractures. The usual assumption is that purging eliminates cross contamination; however, the results of a field study conducted in a trichloroethylene (TCE) plume in fractured sandstone with a mean matrix porosity of 13% demonstrates that matrix-diffusion effects can be strong and persistent. A deep borehole was drilled to 110 m below ground surface (mbgs) near a shallow bedrock well containing high TCE concentrations. The borehole was cored continuously to collect closely spaced samples of rock for analysis of TCE concentrations. Geophysical logging and flowmetering were conducted in the open borehole, and a removable multilevel monitoring system was installed to provide hydraulic-head and ground water samples from discrete fracture zones. The borehole was later reamed to complete a well screened from 89 to 100 mbgs; persistent TCE concentrations at this depth ranged from 2100 to 33,000 microg/L. Rock-core analyses, combined with the other types of borehole information, show that nearly all of this deep contamination was due to the lingering effects of the downward flow of dissolved TCE from shallower depths during the few days of open-hole conditions that existed prior to installation of the multilevel system. This study demonstrates that transfer of contaminant mass to the matrix by diffusion can cause severe cross contamination effects in sedimentary rocks, but these effects generally are not identified from information normally obtained in fractured-rock investigations, resulting in potential misinterpretation of site conditions.     

具有单个和多个调谐质量阻尼器结构受控振型的频率响应方程

采用频域分析方法考虑了（ＴＭＤ）在结构中的位置和结构振型特征,推导了具有单个调谐质量阻尼器（ＳＴＭＤ）和多个调谐质量阻尼器（ＭＴＭＤ）的多自由度结构受控振型广义坐标的频率响应方程,同时还相应给出了具有ＳＴＭＤ和ＭＴＭＤ的非广义单自由度结构的频率响应方程,通过对比分析得出了重要的结论。     

高速屏蔽层下广角地震波场分析及成像方法

在高速玄武岩屏蔽区进行勘探存在一定困难,本文以我国南 方典型靶区为例,提出了解决问题的方法. 首先从理论上探讨了广角地震信号存在的条件以 及在应用过程中所面临的问题. 利用正演理论模型分析了广角地震信号的运动学特征以及噪 声对广角反射的影响. 利用物理模型对广角地震的动力学特征、波场特征及动校拉伸现象进 行了分析. 在上述基础上,对广角地震数据作了精细处理,完成了玄武岩下的地震成像.     

随钻动电测井中声诱导电场的理论模拟

为防止沿钻铤传播的声信号掩盖来自地层的声信号,目前需在钻铤上刻槽以实现对地层纵、横波速度的测量.但刻槽不仅占用钻铤空间,且降低了钻铤的强度和刚度.本文探讨在不刻槽条件下,利用动电效应获得地层纵横波速度的可行性.为此,模拟了随钻声波测井信号及由岩石动电效应产生的电场信号.先视地层为黏弹性介质,模拟随钻声波测井信号,再利用围压与孔隙流体压强的关系获得了声波在地层中引起的孔隙压强,然后计算由孔隙地层动电效应产生的声诱导电磁场.对多极声源激发的声场波形及其诱导电场的波形进行比较,发现随钻声诱导电场中钻铤波的相对幅度明显小于随钻声场中钻铤波的相对幅度.此外,发现在慢速地层条件下,偶极声源激发的电场中出现了比较明显的地层横波信号.     

西秦岭和松潘地体三叠系深水沉积

西秦岭和松潘地体三叠系主要由深水沉积物组成.通过对这一地区三叠系主要沉积岩相的详细分析,认为它们是不同沉积过程的产物,包括水下碎屑流、浊流、底流、深水悬浮沉积和液化沉积物流等.碎屑流可划分为砾质和砂质碎屑流两种类型,其中砂质碎屑流沉积在整个深水沉积体系中占很大比例.浊流沉积以发育正粒序为特点,鲍马层序虽普遍存在,但并非全部由真正浊流沉积形成.鲍马层序中不具正粒序的块状Ta段是砂质碎屑流的产物,而具牵引流沉积构造的其他段为低密度浊流或底流改造的结果.三叠系的深水沉积可构成四种相组合,即厚层-块状粗粒相组合、中-厚层状砂岩夹细粒沉积相组合、薄互层状细粒相组合,以及同沉积滑塌/角砾岩相组合.对区域相组合的分析结果显示,西秦岭合作-尖扎一带下三叠统沉积发生在大陆斜坡、水下河道和斜坡底沉积裙等沉积环境,中三叠统则主要由斜坡底部水道-沉积裙沉积构成,而在宕昌-迭部地区,同期地层以台地碳酸盐岩发育为特征.自中三叠世拉丁期开始,西秦岭浅水碳酸盐岩演变为深水沉积体系,指示安尼期碳酸盐台地发生快速沉陷.松潘地体北部沉积体系的发展与西秦岭宕昌-迭部地区的沉积过程非常类似,下三叠统和中三叠统下部由浅水碳酸盐岩组成,然后从拉丁期转变为斜坡底部沉积裙沉积组合.     

用三维有限差分法求反射走时

在含有三维几何反射体的复杂三维速度模型，发展了一种计算反射地震波走时方法。为了处理大且急剧的速度反差，对现有的计算初至波走时的有限差分法作了适当修改。修改的计算方法比以前的几种方案更快且更精确，并结合到计算反射走时的程序中。这个反射波走时程序非常适合编入三维反射体结构的反演法中。     

全方位自然电场观测方法和观测技术研究

自然电场(又称自然电位)是由地下矿体、电解质与周围介质之间、以及地下岩石结构体之间的物理化学反应产生,包括氧化-还原电场、过滤电场、接触-扩散电场等.一般情况下,自然电场具有局部性和相对稳定性等特点,也会由于局部性的地下水系、裂隙的变化,产生在时间和空间上的剧烈变化等.自然电场的物理意义比较明确,变化(孕震)机理相对明晰,在唐山7.8级地震、海城7.3级地震、松潘7.2级等中强以上地震前后,记录到了可能与地震孕育有关的变化形态.