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991.
Carbon mass-balance modelling and carbon isotope exchange processes in dynamic caves 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Silvia Frisia Ian J. Fairchild Renza Miorandi Andrea Borsato 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(2):380-400
Diverse interpretations have been made of carbon isotope time series in speleothems, reflecting multiple potential controls. Here we study the dynamics of 13C and 12C cycling in a particularly well-constrained site to improve our understanding of processes affecting speleothem δ13C values. The small, tubular Grotta di Ernesto cave (NE Italy) hosts annually-laminated speleothem archives of climatic and environmental changes. Temperature, air pressure, pCO2, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and their C isotopic compositions were monitored for up to five years in soil water and gas, cave dripwater and cave air. Mass-balance models were constructed for CO2 concentrations and tested against the carbon isotope data. Air advection forces winter pCO2 to drop in the cave air to ca. 500 ppm from a summer peak of ca. 1500 ppm, with a rate of air exchange between cave and free atmosphere of approximately 0.4 days. The process of cave ventilation forces degassing of CO2 from the dripwater, prior to any calcite precipitation onto the stalagmites. This phase of degassing causes kinetic isotope fractionation, i.e. 13C-enrichment of dripwater whose δ13CDIC values are already higher (by about 1‰) than those of soil water due to dissolution of the carbonate rock. A subsequent systematic shift to even higher δ13C values, from −11.5‰ in the cave drips to about −8‰ calculated for the solution film on top of stalagmites, is related to degassing on the stalagmite top and equilibration with the cave air. Mass-balance modelling of C fluxes reveals that a very small percentage of isotopically depleted cave air CO2 evolves from the first phase of dripwater degassing, and shifts the winter cave air composition toward slightly more depleted values than those calculated for equilibrium. The systematic 13C-enrichment from the soil to the stalagmites at Grotta di Ernesto is independent of drip rate, and forced by the difference in pCO2 between cave water and cave air. This implies that speleothem δ13C values may not be simply interpreted either in terms of hydrology or soil processes. 相似文献
992.
Elizabeth K. Thomas Jason P. Briner Yarrow Axford Donna R. Francis Gifford H. Miller Ian R. Walker 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(3):491-500
We generate a multi-proxy sub-centennial-scale reconstruction of environmental change during the past two millennia from Itilliq Lake, Baffin Island, Arctic Canada. Our reconstruction arises from a finely subsectioned 210Pb- and 14C-dated surface sediment core and includes measures of organic matter (e.g., chlorophyll a; carbon–nitrogen ratio) and insect (Diptera: Chironomidae) assemblages. Within the past millennium, the least productive, and by inference coldest, conditions occurred ca. AD 1700–1850, late in the Little Ice Age. The 2000-yr sediment record also reveals an episode of reduced organic matter deposition during the 6th–7th century AD; combined with the few other records comparable in resolution that span this time interval from Baffin Island, we suggest that this cold episode was experienced regionally. A comparable cold climatic episode occurred in Alaska and western Canada at this time, suggesting that the first millennium AD cold climate anomaly may have occurred throughout the Arctic. Dramatic increases in aquatic biological productivity at multiple trophic levels are indicated by increased chlorophyll a concentrations since AD 1800 and chironomid concentrations since AD 1900, both of which have risen to levels unprecedented over the past 2000 yr. 相似文献
993.
Katy Lancaster Mark Birkinshaw Marcin P. Gawroski Ian Browne Roman Feiler rzej Kus Stuart Lowe Eugeniusz Pazderski Peter Wilkinson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,378(2):673-680
We present 30-GHz Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) observations of a sample of four galaxy clusters with a prototype of the One Centimetre Receiver Array (OCRA-p) which is mounted on the Torun 32-m telescope. The clusters (Cl 0016+16, MS 0451.6–0305, MS 1054.4–0321 and Abell 2218) are popular SZ targets and serve as commissioning observations. All four are detected with clear significance (4 –6σ) and values for the central temperature decrement are in good agreement with measurements reported in the literature. We believe that systematic effects are successfully suppressed by our observing strategy. The relatively short integration times required to obtain these results demonstrate the power of OCRA-p and its successors for future SZ studies. 相似文献
994.
Isaac G. Roseboom Kevin A. Pimbblet Michael J. Drinkwater Russell D. Cannon Roberto De Propris Alastair C. Edge Daniel J. Eisenstein Robert C. Nichol Ian Smail David A. Wake Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry J. Bridges Daniel Carson Matthew Colless Warrick J. Couch Scott M. Croom Simon P. Driver Paul C. Hewett Jon Loveday Nic Ross Donald P. Schneider Tom Shanks Robert G. Sharp Peter Weilbacher 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2006,373(1):349-360
We present a detailed investigation into the recent star formation histories of 5697 luminous red galaxies (LRGs) based on the Hδ (4101 Å), and [O ii ] (3727 Å) lines and the D4000 index. LRGs are luminous ( L > 3 L *) galaxies which have been selected to have photometric properties consistent with an old, passively evolving stellar population. For this study, we utilize LRGs from the recently completed 2dF-SDSS LRG and QSO Survey (2SLAQ). Equivalent widths of the Hδ and [O ii ] lines are measured and used to define three spectral types, those with only strong Hδ absorption (k+a), those with strong [O ii ] in emission (em) and those with both (em+a). All other LRGs are considered to have passive star formation histories. The vast majority of LRGs are found to be passive (∼80 per cent); however, significant numbers of k+a (2.7 per cent), em+a (1.2 per cent) and em LRGs (8.6 per cent) are identified. An investigation into the redshift dependence of the fractions is also performed. A sample of SDSS MAIN galaxies with colours and luminosities consistent with the 2SLAQ LRGs is selected to provide a low-redshift comparison. While the em and em+a fractions are consistent with the low-redshift SDSS sample, the fraction of k+a LRGs is found to increase significantly with redshift. This result is interpreted as an indication of an increasing amount of recent star formation activity in LRGs with redshift. By considering the expected lifetime of the k+a phase, the number of LRGs which will undergo a k+a phase can be estimated. A crude comparison of this estimate with the predictions from semi-analytic models of galaxy formation shows that the predicted level of k+a and em+a activities is not sufficient to reconcile the predicted mass growth for massive early types in a hierarchical merging scenario. 相似文献
995.
Single-grain geochemical composition of volcaniclastic sandstones can be a potential tool to improve correlations of mixed pyroclastic/epiclastic deposits. To test this, trachytic tuffs of the paleoanthropologically important FLK, FLK N, and FLK NN sites of Pleistocene Olduvai Gorge Bed I (Tanzania) are used as an established tephrostratigraphic framework against which to test volcaniclastic sandstone correlations. Fluvio-lacustrine sandstones and tuff samples were collected from eight archeological trenches between Tuffs IB and ID across a 500-m transect, including Leakey's famous Zinjanthropus (FLK) and OH 7/OH 8 (FLK NN) sites. A previously unknown, thin, fine, mineralogically unique, black trachyandesitic fallout ash was discovered below Tuff IC. Compositions of individual augite, feldspar and titanomagnetite grains from sandstones between Tuffs IB and IC reveal some IB-equivalent material, and a new compositional assemblage distinct from the sandwiching marker tuffs. Mineral compositions of the “tripartite” volcaniclastic sandstone between Tuffs IC and ID are similar to ID. Volcaniclastic sandstone grain fingerprints further refine correlations between fluvio-lacustrine sections within the area, providing support for proposed high-resolution stratigraphic reconstruction of the Zinjanthropus and OH 7/OH 8 land surfaces. This method might be applied to other sections where pyroclastic particles are admixed but distinct tuffs are not preserved. 相似文献
996.
Natalie O. Parker Gregory H. Sambrook Smith Philip J. Ashworth James L. Best Stuart N. Lane Ian A. Lunt Christopher J. Simpson Roberte. Thomas 《Sedimentology》2013,60(3):820-839
This study uses digital elevation models and ground‐penetrating radar to quantify the relation between the surface morphodynamics and subsurface sedimentology in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. A unique aspect of the methodology is that both digital elevation model and ground‐penetrating radar data were collected from the same locations in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007, thus enabling the surface morphodynamics to be tied explicitly to the associated evolving depositional product. The occurrence of a large flood in 2005 also allowed the influence of discharge to be assessed with respect to the process–product relationship. The data demonstrate that the morphology of the study reach evolved even during modest discharges, but more extensive erosion was caused by the large flood. In addition, the study reach was dominated by compound bars before the flood, but switched to being dominated by unit bars during and after the flood. The extent to which the subsurface deposits (the ‘product’) were modified by the surface morphodynamics (the ‘process’) was quantified using the changes in radar‐facies recorded in sequential ground‐penetrating radar surveys. These surveys reveal that during the large flood there was an increase in the proportion of facies associated with bar margin accretion and larger dunes. In subsequent years, these facies became truncated and replaced with facies associated with smaller dune sets. This analysis shows that unit bars generally become truncated more laterally than vertically and, thus, they lose the high‐angle bar margin deposits and smaller scale bar‐top deposits. In general, the only fragments that remain of the unit bars are dune sets, thus making identification of the original unit barform problematic. This novel data set has implications for what may ultimately become preserved in the rock record. 相似文献
997.
Fractionation of tholeiitic magma in the Red Hill intrusion produced a gradational series of rocks ranging from dolerite to granophyre (McDougall, 1962). Granophyres are enriched in Fe, Si and alkalies, and impoverished in Mg, Ca and Al. With fractionation the magma was depleted rapidly in Cr and Ni owing to their removal in early crystallizing pyroxene and iron oxides. Cobalt decreases gradually from chilled dolerite to silicic dolerite, followed by a significant maximum in the most Fe‐enriched rocks, and finally decreases markedly in the granophyres. Cobalt follows Fe2+ closely and shows no obvious relationship with Mg. Copper was progressively enriched in the magma during the main stages of fractionation until precipitation of sulphide occurred, which caused impoverishment of Cu in the final liquid. Copper also is present in the silicates, it substitutes for Na in the feldspars and Fe2+ in pyroxenes and iron oxides. 相似文献
998.
The stable magnetizations of the Tasmanian Dolerites are shown to fall into two distinct groups depending upon their directions and the geographical region of the dolerites. It has been suggested that this could be a result of significant age differences between the dolerites of these groups. A series of K‐Ar determinations indicates that there is no detectable systematic age differences and the average of the five bodies dated is 170.5 ± 8.0 m.y. (not significantly different from previous K‐Ar dates from a single body). A re‐appraisal of the palaeomagnetic data, in the light of the distinct groupings of the directions, yields two significantly different pole positions‐ Lat 50.7°S, Long. 174.5°E (A9r, = 5.2°) and Lat. 47.7 °S, Long. 123.5° (A95 = 9.5°)’. The former of these is in excellent agreement with pole positions from other Lower to Middle Jurassic rocks of Australia but the significance of the latter remains obscure. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Shen Liu Caixia Feng Ruizhong Hu Shan Gao Tao Wang Guangying Feng Youqiang Qi Ian M. Coulson Shaocong Lai 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,107(4):591-608
Alkaline intrusions in the eastern Shandong Province consist of quartz monzonite and granite. U-Pb zircon ages, geochemical data, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data for these rocks are reported in the present paper. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb zircon analyses yielded consistent ages ranging from 114.3?±?0.3 to 122.3?±?0.4 Ma for six samples of the felsic rocks. The felsic rocks are characterised by a wide range of chemical compositions (SiO2?=?55.14–77.63 wt. %, MgO?=?0.09–4.64 wt. %, Fe2O3?=?0.56–7.6 wt. %, CaO?=?0.40–5.2 wt. %), light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) (i.e., Rb, Pb, U) enrichment, as well as significant rare earth elements (HREEs) and heavy field strength (HFSEs) (Nb, Ta, P and Ti) depletion, various and high (87Sr/86Sr) i ranging from 0.7066 to 0.7087, low ε Nd (t) values from ?14.1 to ?17.1, high neodymium model ages (TDM1?=?1.56–2.38Ga, TDM2?=?2.02–2.25Ga), 206Pb/204Pb?=?17.12–17.16, 207Pb/204Pb?=?15.44–15.51, and 208Pb/204Pb?=?37.55–37.72. The results suggested that these rocks were derived from an enriched crustal source. In addition, the alkaline rocks also evolved as the result of the fractionation of potassium feldspar, plagioclase, +/? ilmenite or rutile and apatite. However, the alkaline rocks were not affected by crustal contamination. Moreover, the generation of the alkaline rocks can be attributed to the structural collapse of the Sulu organic belt due to various processes. 相似文献