Investigating vegetation biophysical and spectral parameters for detecting light to moderate grazing effects: a case study in mixed grass prairie

Identifying effective vegetation biophysical and spectral parameters for investigating light to moderate grazing effects on grasslands improves management practices on grasslands. Using mixed grasslands as a case study, this paper compares responses of vegetation biophysical properties and spectral parameters derived from satellite images to grazing intensity, and identifies the suitable biophysical and spectral parameters to detect grazing effects in these areas. Biophysical properties including cover, canopy height and Leaf area index (LAI) were measured in three sites with different grazing managements and one benchmark site in 2008 and 2009 in Grasslands PlaceTypeNational Park and surrounding provincial pastures, Canada. Thirteen vegetation spectral indices, calculated by statistically combining different spectral information, were evaluated. The results indicate that canopy height and the ratio of photosynthetically active vegetation cover to non-photosynthetically active vegetation cover (PV/NPV) showed significant differences between ungrazed and grazed sites. All spectral vegetation indices except the canopy index (CI) show significant differences between grazing treatments. Red-Near infrared (Red-NIR) based vegetation indices, such as Modified Triangular Vegetation Index 1 (MTVI1), Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), are significantly correlated to the PV/NPV. Green/Mid-infrared (Green/MIR) related vegetation indices, i.e. Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PRSI) and Normalized Canopy Index (NCI), show significant correlation with canopy height. Models based on a linear combination of MTVI1 and SAVI were developed for PV/NPV and PRSI and NCI for canopy height. Models that simulated PV/NPV and canopy height show significant correlations with grazing intensity, suggesting the feasibility of remote sensing to quantify light to moderate grazing effects in mixed grasslands.     

Dynamic selection of emergency plans of geological disaster based on case-based reasoning and prospect theory

Natural Hazards - The Three Gorges reservoir area in the Yangtze River economic belt has frequent geological disasters. To assist decision-makers make effective emergency decisions based on their...     

400年来北极巴罗角的温度变化特征

近４００年湖泊岩芯温度记录揭示,巴罗地区总的变化趋势是升温,平均升温速率为每百年０．４℃,但近２００年呈降温趋势。熵谱分析表明,近代巴罗地区温度波动存在３３年、４０年、２９年周期和９０年左右的世纪周期;１９２１～１９９４年巴罗气象台逐月温度资料统计分析和熵谱分析表明,现代巴罗温度变化有４个月、半年、１４个月、１６个月、３年、４年、７年和１０年周期。     

On Mineralize-halo-forming Mechanism of Sareke Glutenite-type Copper Deposit in Xinjiang

<正>1 Introduction Sareke glutenite-type copper deposit is located in the Sarekebayi basin,a sub-basin of southwest margin of the Tuoyun Mesozoic hinterland basin in the northwestern part of the Tarim Basin.The Tuoyun Mesozoic hinterland     

新疆东准噶尔塔克扎勒—麦钦乌拉古缝合线的确定

本文通过构造分析及岩石学、地球化学研究,证实塔克扎勒—麦钦乌拉存在一条蛇绿混杂岩带,表现为在构造变形的砂泥质基质中分布若干个洋脊型和洋岛型的蛇绿岩碎块。该带两侧地壳厚度明显不同,大陆边缘增生方向相反,该带还是一条早古生代的生物群落界线,早石炭世两侧岛弧有较大的纬度差异(20°以上)。因此,塔克扎勒—麦钦乌拉蛇绿混杂岩带是古准噶尔大洋闭合的残骸,代表了西伯利亚板块和塔里木板块碰撞的缝合线构造带。     

基于RPC的TerraSAR-X影像立体定向平差模型

针对新型高分辨率雷达卫星TerraSAR-X立体像对,本文提出采用基于RPC的平差模型,通过少量的地面控制点来拟合因传感器不稳定、平台星历数据不精确及测距误差引起的影像几何畸变,从而达到精确定向目的.为验证RPC平差模型的适用性,通过在立体成像区域均匀市设人工角反射器点的方法验证其模型精度,并评估了其三维定向平差后的精...     

用数据模拟方法分析探空仪慢转对高空气象探测记录结果的影响

本文提出了一种用数据模拟的方法,分析因探空仪慢转对高空气象探测记录造成影响的情况,并结合了一次实际探空记录进行了分析论证,得出在实践中用五九型探空仪,在其转速下低于3转/分时的情况下,所探测到的高空压、温、湿资料与转速保持在5～8转/分的情况下的资料,吻合程度较高.而转速保持在记录整理与否的临界点:2转/分时～500 hPa以上＜2转/分,此时各要素的偏离程度已明显加大,对大气层结特征的反映,已失去指示性.     

Rapid Eocene erosion,sedimentation and burial in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis and its geodynamic significance

The lower Bomi Group of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis comprises a lithological package of sedimentary and igneous rocks that have been metamorphosed to upper amphibolite-facies conditions. The lower Bomi Group is bounded to the south by the Indus–Yarlung Suture and to the north by unmetamorphosed Paleozoic sediments of the Lhasa terrane. We report U–Pb zircon dating, geochemistry and petrography of gneiss, migmatite, mica schist and marble from the lower Bomi Group and explore their geological implications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Himalaya. Zircons from the lower Bomi Group are composite. The inherited magmatic zircon cores display ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages from ~ 74 Ma to ~ 41.5 Ma, indicating a probable source from the Gangdese magmatic arc. The metamorphic overgrowth zircons yielded ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages ranging from ~ 38 Ma to ~ 23 Ma, that overlap the anatexis time (~ 37 Ma) recorded in the leucosome of the migmatites. Our data indicate that the lower Bomi Group do not represent Precambrian basement of the Lhasa terrane. Instead, the lower Bomi Group may represent sedimentary and igneous rocks of the residual forearc basin, similar to the Tsojiangding Group in the Xigaze area, derived from denudation of the hanging wall rocks during the India–Asia continental collision. We propose that following the Indian–Asian collision, the forearc basin was subducted, together with Himalayan lithologies from the Indian continental slab. The minimum age of detrital magmatic zircons from the supracrustal rocks is ~ 41.5 Ma and their metamorphism had happened at ~ 37 Ma. The short time interval (< 5 Ma) suggests that the tectonic processes associated with the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, encompassing uplift and erosion of the Gangdese terrane, followed by deposition, imbrication and subduction of the forearc basin, were extremely rapid during the Late Eocene.     

东阿拉伯海拉克希米盆地浊流沉积序列的粒度变化及其对中更新世气候转型的响应

阿拉伯海印度沉积扇是世界第二大海底扇,保存着来自喜马拉雅和喀喇昆仑等山系的新生代风化沉积物,是研究印度季风和南亚地区环境演化的理想材料。通过对2015年3~5月完成的IODP 355航次U1456钻孔A段总长345.36 m沉积物（约1.8 Ma以来）的沉积特征分析,发现其为典型的浊流沉积。通过对757个样品高分辨率的粒度测试,揭示研究区沉积序列在构造时间尺度上的粒度变化主要受到印度季风降水控制,阿拉伯海深海沉积物的粒度变化可作为一个新的季风演化的替代指标。从1.80~1.18 Ma到1.18~0.10 Ma,浊流沉积物的堆积速率降低,粒度变细,揭示了更新世印度季风强度的阶段性减弱。在沉积序列上,砂组分的变化周期从约41 ka向更长周期转化,推测东阿拉伯海U1456A钻孔沉积物序列在中更新世的粒度变化可能是对印度季风气候转型的响应。