中国农业地理与乡村发展研究进展及展望——建所70周年农业与乡村地理研究回顾与前瞻

本文回顾了中国农业地理与乡村发展学科的简要历程,分析了相关研究进展、取得的重要成果及其社会影响,展望了适应国家战略需求的中国农业地理与乡村发展领域创新研究任务及科学命题.未来中国农业生产的区域化、基地化与乡村发展的城镇化、产业化趋势日益明显,在落实科学发展观和"五个统筹"战略导向下,扎实推进新农村建设与统筹城乡协调发展...     

Spatio-temporal patterns and driving mechanism of farmland fragmentation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Exploring the spatio-temporal variations of farmland landscape patterns in a traditional agricultural region can provide scientific support for decision-making on sustainable rural land use and rural vitalization development. This study established a comprehensive evaluation index for farmland fragmentation with multiple aspects (dominance, integrity, aggregation, regularity, and connectivity) at the county scale. The goal was to identify the evolution of farmland fragmentation in the traditional agricultural region of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain during 2000-2015 and investigate underlying drivers using panel data of 359 counties. Results showed an accelerating but fluctuating fragmentation pattern of the farmland landscape. The indexes of dominance, integrity, and aggregation of farmland decreased most sharply, while the index of connectivity increased. Furthermore, the evolution of the farmland fragmentation pattern showed significant spatio-temporal heterogeneity, which is similar to the trajectory of urbanization and land use transition. Farmland fragmentation in municipal districts also emerged earlier and was more severe than in county-level cities and counties. Factors influenced by advancing urbanization include the proportion of artificial land, population density, and proportion of primary industry; these factors drove the evolution of farmland fragmentation. In contrast, the increase in income of rural residents and production efficiency of farmland were the key factors contributing to the improvement in farmland connectivity.     

参与式村域发展综合诊断的技术方法与实证应用简

2004年以来中国农业和农村发展政策逐渐转型,给农村发展带来新的机遇,也为相关发展决策与规划提出了新的现实需求。村域是中国农村社会经济活动的基本单元,承载着农村家庭联产、乡村企业生产、农民日常生活、农村社区发展等生产、生活行为。本文以“背景分析—机理剖析—水平评价—病症诊断—病因分析—路径谋划”为主线,构建基于模糊层次分析等方法的参与式村域发展综合诊断技术方法体系,并以黄淮海传统农区一个典型村域为例开展实证应用。结果表明,研究构建的技术方法体系有助于实现村域发展水平评价、问题诊断、成因分析和路径谋划,可为村域发展战略决策及规划编制提供科学支撑。     

The process and driving forces of rural hollowing in China under rapid urbanization

Rural hollowing is a recent geographic phenomenon that has received significant attention in China, which is experiencing rapid urbanization. It has led to the wasteful use of rural land resources, and imposed obstacles on the optimization of land use and coordinated urban-rural development. Rural hollowing has various forms of manifestation, which refers to the neglect and vacancy of rural dwellings, both of which can lead to damage and ultimate abandonment of rural dwellings. Damaged dwellings have different degrees of destruction, ranging from slight, moderate to severe. The evolutive process of rural hollowing in general has five stages, i.e., emergence, growth, flourishing, stability, and decline. Based on the combination of both regional economic development level and its physiographic features, the types of rural hollowing can be categorised as urban fringe, plain agricultural region, hilly agricultural region, and agro-pastoral region. Especially, the plain agricultural region is the most typical one in rural hollowing, which shows the spatial evolution of rural hollowing as a “poached egg” pattern with a layered hollow core and solid shape. Furthermore, the driving forces behind rural hollowing are identified as the pull of cities and push of rural areas. In particular, this paper identifies contributors to rural hollowing that include rural depopulation in relation to rapid urbanisation and economic change, land ownership and land use policy, and institutional barriers.     

A Commentary on the International Conference on Land Use Issues and Policy in China under Rapid Rural and Urban Transformation

Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the International Conference on Land Use Issues and Policy in China under Rapid Rural and Urban Transformation was held     

山东省乡村转型发展时空格局

依据乡村转型度、“人口-土地-产业”乡村发展三要素的两两协调度及乡村协调度,定量刻画了山东省乡村转型发展类型,揭示了1990-2009年期间各转型发展类型的特征和时空分布格局。结果表明：①山东省乡村转型发展普遍存在5种类型,依次为：产业低速转型低度协调型、要素平稳转型较低协调型、产业转型趋近土地转型中度协调型、产业转型超越土地转型较高协调型与土地和产业加速转型高度协调型。②乡村转型度与乡村协调度随协调转型度的增加呈现出对称分布特点;乡村转型度与乡村协调度呈现出局部周期性变动、总体趋势增加的变化特征。③产业转型与土地转型表现出很高的协调性;人口转型与土地转型之间的协调性及人口转型与产业转型之间的协调性均随转型程度加深而同步上升。④山东省乡村转型发展时空格局表现为：“八五”时期,山东省乡村地区加速转型,以乡镇企业快速发展为该时期主要特征;“九五”时期乡村转型发展类型普遍向转型速度较低的类型转变;“十五”时期乡村转型发展速度呈现出中心地区较低、边缘地区较高的特点;“十一五”时期乡村转型发展呈现空间均质化的稳定转型态势。     

参与式村域发展综合诊断的技术方法与实证应用

2004年以来中国农业和农村发展政策逐渐转型,给农村发展带来新的机遇,也为相关发展决策与规划提出了新的现实需求。村域是中国农村社会经济活动的基本单元,承载着农村家庭联产、乡村企业生产、农民日常生活、农村社区发展等生产、生活行为。本文以“背景分析-机理剖析-水平评价-病症诊断-病因分析-路径谋划”为主线,构建基于模糊层次分析等方法的参与式村域发展综合诊断技术方法体系,并以黄淮海传统农区一个典型村域为例开展实证应用。结果表明,研究构建的技术方法体系有助于实现村域发展水平评价、问题诊断、成因分析和路径谋划,可为村域发展战略决策及规划编制提供科学支撑。     

基于转型与协调视角的乡村发展分析——以山东省为例

在乡村转型发展进程中,各发展要素转型之间往往存在不协调现象,超前转型或滞后转型现象时有发生,阻碍了乡村乃至整个城乡地域系统的持续、稳定和协调发展。基于此,分析研究区域乡村发展要素间转型的协调性对制定乡村发展战略具有重要的指导意义。综合集成传统地理学调查分析、数量模型模拟及“3S”决策支持等技术方法,构建乡村协调转型度模型,基于“人口—土地—产业”乡村发展三要素,搭建“乡村转型度—综合协调度—协调转型度”三维平台,从“转型”与“协调”视角分析了1990-2009 年间山东省乡村发展过程中乡村整体转型速度与乡村发展要素间转型协调性的关系。主要结论如下：① 乡村转型度空间结构逐渐由局部集聚向全局分散转变;综合协调度呈现小集聚、大分散的空间分布格局;协调转型度在“八五”、“九五”、“十五”、“十一五”时期与乡村转型度和综合协调度的空间分布格局呈现不同的耦合特点;② 乡村转型度和综合协调度与协调转型度之间的相关系数分别为0.92 和0.61,表明山东省乡村系统与城市系统之间“人口—土地—产业”要素的全面流动促使了其乡村系统的协调转型;③“转型”与“协调”分别代表了乡村转型发展进程中的“量”与“质”,乡村转型发展应秉着数量和质量并重的原则,持续稳定推进。     

中国农村宅基地转型的理论与证实

土地利用转型是土地利用变化的表现形式之一,也是由IGBP和IHDP联合发起的全球土地研究计划 (GLP) 的重要研究内容。目前土地利用/覆被变化 (LUCC) 研究仍然有待进一步理论化,在学科综合与集成基础上提出的假设对土地变化科学显得尤为重要。土地利用转型研究需要寻求一种综合的方法,来对社会和环境变化的时间尺度和历史背景进行整合。通过分析特定时期内中国农村建房的影响因素及相应的管理政策,在了解中国农村建房发展过程的基础上,提出了中国农村宅基地转型趋势的理论假设：随着社会经济的发展,农村宅基地在增加的建设用地总量中所占比例将由高逐渐降低,直到这一比例趋向于一个固定值。最后运用长江沿线样带农村宅基地转型研究结果验证了该理论假设。