中国耕地转型与土地整理:研究进展与框架

土地利用转型研究是开展土地利用/覆被变化( LUCC) 综合研究的一条新途径。通过整合 社会和环境变化的时间尺度与历史背景, 开展中国耕地转型与土地整理方面研究, 属于IGBP 和 IHDP 联合发起的全球土地计划(GLP) 的重要研究内容。本文在综述土地变化科学( LCS) 的理论 与模型、土地利用转型、耕地变化与土地整理的研究进展基础上, 提出中国耕地转型与土地整理 的研究框架： 运用GIS 技术, 通过综合分析遥感解译的土地覆被数据及建国以来国土资源系统的 耕地面积变化数据, 探讨中国耕地变化的空间格局, 结合自然要素和社会经济要素分析耕地转型 的影响因子; 借鉴国外相关研究, 通过分析特定时期内中国耕地变化的影响因素及相应的管理政 策, 在了解中国耕地变化过程的基础上提出中国耕地转型的理论假设; 结合中国耕地的时空变化 模拟, 进而确定中国耕地变化的区域类型及其所处的转型阶段, 并以此作为指导我国耕地保护的 重要举措———土地整理的理论基础和科学依据。     

从"四地"期刊载文审视中国农业与乡村地理学研究发展特征

基于中国学术期刊出版总库所提供的《地理学报》《地理科学》《地理研究》《地理科学进展》（简称“四地”期刊）创刊以来至2020年12月间的农业与乡村地理学论文数据,采用Citespace可视化科学文献计量方法,对566篇文献的主题、引文和关键词等特征进行可视化分析。系统梳理了农业与乡村地理学术论文所反映的主题脉络、知识演进、历史热点、研究机构发展和发文作者分析。这些分析充分体现出了中国农业与乡村地理学研究的发展历程、目前的主要研究议题与未来的发展趋势。研究结果显示,农业地理、聚落与古村落、土地利用及其发展模式、乡村居民点及其空间格局、城乡一体化、新农村建设、乡村重构、乡村振兴和城乡融合发展等主要研究议题是不同时期的研究聚焦点。从研究热度看大致经历了由以农业地理研究为主,转向农业地理与乡村聚落地理并驾齐驱,再到城乡融合与乡村振兴研究3个阶段。其研究发展过程呈现出3大转向：① 由单一的农业地理和乡村聚落地理转向综合的农业与乡村地理学研究;② 从单一的农业生产要素、社会经济要素格局研究转向区域城乡人地系统融合的过程、机制和影响研究;③ 由传统的调研统计、田野观测、数字模拟技术方法转向大数据、多源时空监测模拟和农业地理工程实践。乡村转型-城乡融合-乡村振兴-高质量发展将成为未来城乡发展的大逻辑、新常态,也是未来农业与乡村地理学研究的重点和方向。主要研究议题方面有乡村地域类型、乡村功能转型、乡村空间重构、乡村聚落重构、乡村人居环境质量、乡村发展的新因素及其作用机制、乡村弹性与可持续性发展、乡村产业结构调整与升级、城乡基础设施与服务统筹规划建设等。学科发展应注重综合研究,深化对农业与乡村发展新驱动力的认识,切实加强乡村地理学研究的理论与方法创新,借以更好地服务于国家乡村振兴战略。     

论土地利用转型潜力及其评价的理论框架

积极推进土地利用转型潜力及其评价研究,是丰富和完善土地利用转型理论的重要途径。通过拓展土地利用潜力概念,对土地利用转型潜力定义、内涵、形成机制与评价的理论框架进行了探讨。研究认为,① 作为土地利用及LUCC的结果,土地利用转型具有土地利用形态“变化”和“可调控”的重要特征,这是土地利用转型潜力形成与释放的前提;② 土地利用转型潜力是指为适应区域发展综合需求,通过采用相应技术、政策等手段,在特定转型阶段所能实现最优土地利用形态与土地利用形态现状的差异;③ 土地利用转型潜力以基于“强效”“快速”政策调整及工程技术措施的土地利用形态调整和基于“自发土地利用”的土地利用转型引导为形成机制;④ 应以系统论和动态视角为基础,通过分析土地利用转型过程与机理,构建基于土地利用转型情景模拟的土地利用转型潜力评价理论框架。研究取得的成果和结论具备进一步激发土地利用转型理论研究及其在土地管理决策等方面积极作用的价值。     

乡村聚落空间重构的理论解析

快速城镇化进程中中国传统乡村聚落空间面临剧烈分化和重组。在阐释乡村聚落空间重构的概念内涵基础上,基于宏观和中微观层面、客体和主体系统探讨了乡村聚落空间重构的机理,并提出了乡村聚落空间重构过程中需关注的要点。结论如下:① 乡村聚落空间重构即为适应城乡发展要素的变化,行为主体采取经济、技术、政策等手段调整村镇空间等级体系及干预单体聚落内部土地资源配置,以协调乡村地域人地关系的过程,具有重构内容复合性、重构目标多元性和重构过程复杂性的特点。② 乡村聚落空间重构折射着现代社会生产方式、经济结构、社会结构、制度演化、技术发展等宏观环境的变迁,并根植于所在乡村地域自然-经济-社会等客体系统的约束框架之内,凝聚着利益行为主体间的博弈、对抗、竞争与合作关系。③ 乡村聚落空间重构应正确处理人口-土地-产业关系,充分重视聚落的文化和生态价值,有效发挥政策和制度的支撑作用,以促进新时期乡村地域系统的全面振兴。     

中国山区乡村聚落空间重构研究进展与展望

中国山区面积大、经济社会发展水平低,促进山区可持续发展,是事关中国现代化进程的关键所在。山区乡村聚落作为山区人地关系地域系统的核心空间单元,是中国乡村地理学的研究重点和热点。论文基于文献回溯和归纳总结的方法,在对中国山区发展概况、乡村聚落空间分布影响因素、演变特征与驱动机制进行系统分析的基础上,明晰了山区乡村聚落空间重构概念内涵、重构思路和方法,总结了中国山区乡村聚落空间重构典型模式与调控策略;认为乡村聚落空间重构存在着主体多重、目标多元、模式多样等典型特征,是一个动态的、复杂的空间优化重组过程。新时代中国山区乡村聚落空间重构应加强以下5个方面的研究：① 山区乡村振兴背景下乡村聚落空间重构作用机理与模式;② 土地利用转型对山区乡村聚落空间重构作用机制;③ 农村宅基地制度改革对山区乡村聚落空间重构影响;④ 新兴业态发展与山区乡村聚落空间重构交互作用关系;⑤ 大数据时代山区乡村聚落空间重构研究方法革新。通过对山区乡村聚落空间重构时代背景、经济社会驱动因素与作用机理、研究方法等方面的实证分析,进一步丰富和完善山区乡村聚落空间重构理论,以期促进中国山区可持续发展和助推现代化实现进程。     

Land consolidation: An indispensable way of spatial restructuring in rural China1简

The implementation of new type industrialization and urbanization and agricultural modernization strategies lacks of a major hand grip and spatial supporting platform, due to long-term existed ＂dual-track＂ structure of rural-urban development in China as well as un- stable rural development institution and mechanism. It is necessary to restructure rural pro- duction, living and ecological space by carrying out land consolidation, so as to establish a new platform for building new countryside and realizing urban-rural integration development in China. This paper develops the concept and connotation of rural spatial restructuring. Basing on the effects analysis of industrialization and urbanization on rural production, living and ecological space, the mechanism of pushing forward rural spatial restructuring by carry- ing out land consolidation is probed. A conceptualization of the models of rural production, living and ecological spatial restructuring is analyzed combining with agricultural land con- solidation, hollowed villages consolidation and industrial and mining land consolidation. Fi- nally, the author argues that a ＂bottom-up＂ restructuring strategy accompanied by a few ＂top-down＂ elements is helpful for smoothly pushing forward rural spatial restructuring in China. In addition, the optimization and restructuring of rural production, living and ecological space will rely on the innovations of regional engineering technology, policy and mechanism, and mode of rural land consolidation, and more attentions should be paid to rural space, the foundation base and platform for realizing urban-rural integration development.     

Land consolidation：An indispensable way of spa-tial restructuring in rural China

The implementation of new type industrialization and urbanization and agricultural modernization strategies lacks of a major hand grip and spatial supporting platform,due to long-term existed "dual-track" structure of rural-urban development in China as well as unstable rural development institution and mechanism. It is necessary to restructure rural production,living and ecological space by carrying out land consolidation,so as to establish a new platform for building new countryside and realizing urban-rural integration development in China. This paper develops the concept and connotation of rural spatial restructuring. Basing on the effects analysis of industrialization and urbanization on rural production,living and ecological space,the mechanism of pushing forward rural spatial restructuring by carrying out land consolidation is probed. A conceptualization of the models of rural production,living and ecological spatial restructuring is analyzed combining with agricultural land consolidation,hollowed villages consolidation and industrial and mining land consolidation. Finally,the author argues that a "bottom-up" restructuring strategy accompanied by a few "top-down" elements is helpful for smoothly pushing forward rural spatial restructuring in China. In addition,the optimization and restructuring of rural production,living and ecological space will rely on the innovations of regional engineering technology,policy and mechanism,and mode of rural land consolidation,and more attentions should be paid to rural space,the foundation base and platform for realizing urban-rural integration development.     

土地系统优化助推乡村发展转型研究进展与展望

优化土地系统是实现乡村转型与振兴的重要抓手。论文在概念解析与进展研究的基础上,构建了土地系统优化助推乡村发展转型的研究框架,探究了研究关键与重点并对未来研究进行了展望。当前系统论证土地系统参与乡村发展转型的过程、格局、机理与效应的综合研究尚显不足,急需建立应有的科学范式与方法论体系,明确并拓展研究的分析工具,并逐渐建立起该领域的话语体系。土地系统优化助推乡村发展转型研究需要在机制解析、水平评估、效应与发展模式、未来图景模拟与优化调控等研究的基础上,进一步拓展土地系统优化对城乡融合发展、区域可持续发展乃至全球治理的影响与边际贡献研究。未来需要重点关注土地系统过程机理与区域实践、巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的关键土地科学问题、乡村发展转型与振兴的动力机制与情景模拟、土地系统参与城乡融合发展的机理与效应以及土地系统与乡村振兴和农业农村现代化等主题。     

黄淮海平原农区土地利用转型及其动力机制（英文）

Land use transition refers to changes in land use morphology, including dominant morphology and recessive morphology, of a particular region over a period of time driven by various factors. Recently, issues related to land use transition in China have attracted interest among a wide variety of researchers as well as government officials. This paper examines the patterns of land use transition and their dynamic mechanism in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain during 2000–2010. First, the spatio-temporal patterns of land use transition, their characteristics and the laws governing them were analyzed. Second, based on the established conceptual framework for analyzing the dynamic mechanism of land use transition, a spatial econometric regression analysis method was used to analyze the dynamic mechanism of the five types of major land use transition in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain at the county level. Land use pattern changes in the study area were characterized by an increase in construction land, water body and forested land, along with a decrease in farmland, unused land and grassland. The changes during 2000–2005 were much more significant than those during 2005–2010. In terms of factors affecting land use transitions, natural factors form the basis, and they have long-term effects. Socio-economic factors such as population and GDP, however, tend to determine the direction, structure, size and layout of land use transition over shorter time periods. Land law and policy factors play a mandatory guiding and restraining role in land use transitions, so as to improve the overall efficiency of land use. Land resource engineering is also an important tool to control land use transitions. In general, the five types of major land use transition were the result of the combined action of various physical, social and economic factors, of which traffic condition and location condition had the most significant effects, i.e. they were the common factors in all land use transitions. Understanding the spatio-temporal process of land use transitions and their dynamic mechanisms is an important foundation for utilizing land resources, protecting regional ecological environment and promoting sustainable regional socio-economic development.     

International Conference on Land Use Issues and Policy in China under Rapid Rural and Urban Transformation

The International Conference on Land Use Issues and Policy in China under Rapid Rural and Urban Tranformation was held in Beijing,China,from 20 to 23 October2012,under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)and the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research(IGSNRR),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).The Conference was mainly co-orga