计算非均匀地表通量的一种简化PDF及其应用

提出描述地表非均匀特性的简化概率密度函数（PDF），它可代替各种具体的PDF用于求解次网格尺度平均通量而不影响其精度，这种简化PDF可直接加入陆面过程模式方程组中进行陆－气通量交换的数值试验。它对非均匀地表陆面过程参数化具有一定的普适性。本文仅讨论了对称分布的简化计算（非对称分布另文讨论），列举了非均匀分布的观测事实，并以地表净红外辐射通量计算为例，详细验证了应用这种简化PDF的可行性和可靠性。     

河南省一次强寒潮天气诊断分析

利用常规资料和1°×1°NCEP格点资料,对2006年4月河南省一次强寒潮天气过程进行诊断分析发现:乌拉尔山阻塞高压、亚洲上空的极涡异常增强是本次强寒潮的行星尺度系统;南、北槽同位相叠加使不稳定小槽发展加强,槽后强冷空气南下是本次强寒潮的直接影响系统;正湿位涡与冷空气有很好的对应关系.中路冷高压整体南下的过程中,东路冷空气补充造成豫东和豫南的强烈降温;本次强寒潮天气过程中,强降水发生在MPV2≥0、MPV1由＜0转为＞0的地区,且主要降水时段出现在MPV1由＜0转为＞0之后6 h内.     

郑州市水环境预警系统研究

针对郑州市突出的水环境问题,建立郑州市水环境预警系统.该系统是一个由基础信息层、专题应用层、决策支持层以及人机交互界面组成的完整体系,具备对郑州市水质实时监控、水污染事故应急响应、水资源优化调度和水环境综合管理等功能.     

一次系列下击暴流事件的多普勒天气雷达分析

该文首次利用我国新一代天气雷达资料对一次系列下击暴流过程进行了详细分析。2003年6月6日在安徽定远县和肥东县交界处附近发展起来的一个孤立的强烈多单体风暴, 产生了一次伴随强降雹的系列下击暴流事件。此次系列下击暴流事件实际上是由多单体风暴中3个相继发展的对流单体分别产生的3次下击暴流构成的。每轮下击暴流触地前, 都伴随着相应对流单体反射率因子核心的逐渐下降。在首轮下沉气流触地前6 min, 1.5°到4.3°仰角的径向速度图上都出现向着风暴中心的辐合, 其中以2.4°仰角 (地面以上约3~4 km) 的辐合最明显。因此, 反射率因子核心的逐渐降低并伴随云底以上的速度辐合的多普勒雷达回波特征, 可以用来提前数分钟预警下击暴流的发生。     

东北地区冬季气温与北极涛动年代际关系研究

利用中国160站气温资料、北极涛动指数资料及关国NCEP／NCAR再分析资料中月平均海平面气压场、高度场、风场资料，分析了东北地区冬季气温、冬季北极涛动的年代际特征及其关系。结果表明：在年代际时间尺度上，两者之间存在显著正相关。冬季北极涛动处于低（高）指数期，东北冬季气温为持续冷冬（暖冬）期。可能影响机制是：在地面，冬季北极涛动处于低（高）指数期时，西伯利亚高压增强（减弱），亚洲大陆偏北冬季风增强（减弱），东北为持续冷冬（暖冬）期；在对流层中层，冬季北极涛动处于低（高）指数期时，东亚大槽加深（减弱），贝加尔湖以西以北脊增强（减弱），环流呈经向（纬向）型发展，东北对流层中层偏北风增强（减弱），东北为持续冷冬（暖冬）期。     

A method of forecasting the heavy convective precipitation zones during the cold season

A method of forecasting the heavy convective precipitation zones is based on the computation of the Q-vector divergence and moist equivalent-potential vorticity in the layer from 925 to 700 hPa. The prognostic fields of meteorological parameters from NWP models in GRIB or GRIB2 codes are used for the computation. Presented are the results of the statistical analysis. The coefficients of linear regression are computed and the working equation for forecasting heavy convective precipitation zones during the cold season is derived. Analyzed are some heavy snowfalls in the central region of the European part of Russia.     

The characteristics of ultraviolet radiation in arid and semi-arid regions of China

Measurements of the broadband global solar radiation (R _S) and total ultraviolet radiation (the sum of UV-A and UV-B) were conducted from 2005 to 2010 at 9 sites in arid and semi-arid regions of China. These data were used to determine the temporal variability of UV and UV/R _S and their dependence on the water vapor content and clearness index. The dependence of UV/R _S on aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor content was also investigated. In addition, a simple and efficient empirically model suited for all-weather conditions was developed to estimate UV from R _s. The annual average daily UV level in arid and semi-arid areas is 0.61 and 0.59 MJ m^?2 d^?1, respectively. The highest value (0.66?±?0.25 MJ m^?2 d^?1) was recorded at an arid area at Linze. The lowest value (0.53?±?0.22 MJ m^?2 d^?1) was recorded at a semi-arid area at Ansai. The highest daily value of UV radiation was measured in May, whereas the lowest value was measured in December. The monthly variation of the UV/R _s ratio ranged from 0.41 in Aksu to 0.35 in Qira. The monthly mean value of UV/R _s gradually increased from November and then decreased in August. A small decreasing trend of UV/R _s was observed in the arid and semi-arid regions due to recently increasing amounts of fine aerosol. A simple and efficient empirically model suit for all-weather condition was developed to estimate UV from R _s. The slope a and intercept b of the regression line between the estimated and measured values were close to 1 and zero, respectively. The relative error between the estimated and measured values was less than 11.5%. Application of the model to data collected from different locations in this region also resulted in reasonable estimates of UV.     

一次阻塞形势下的内蒙古暴雨过程特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、1°×1°NCEP再分析资料、FY-2E逐时云顶亮温(TBB)资料和1 h降水资料,对2012年7月24 31日内蒙古全区性暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此次暴雨天气过程发生在南亚高压东伸、贝加尔湖阻塞形势稳定和西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北的大尺度环流背景条件下。(2)地面辐合以及700 h Pa切变和涡旋是暴雨发生的影响系统,中尺度对流系统(MCS)是暴雨过程中短时强降水的直接制造者,中尺度雨团出现在MCS边缘TBB梯度最大处冷空气一侧。(3)暴雨发生时南海季风涌活跃,为暴雨的发生提供了充沛水汽条件,暴雨发生前对流层低层存在大量不稳定能量,高空急流入口区右侧与低空急流出口区左侧相叠置耦合,以及地形的强迫动力抬升机制,触发了暴雨天气。(4)内蒙古西部地区水汽输送条件较差是该地区较少发生暴雨的主要原因。     

Impacts of Cumulus Convective Parameterization Schemes on Summer Monsoon Precipitation Simulation over China

By using the Betts-Miller-Janjic, Grell-Devenyi, and Kain-Fritsch cumulus convective parameterization schemes in theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, long time simulations from 2000 to 2009 are conducted to investigate the impacts of different cumulus convective parameterization schemes on summer monsoon precipitation simulation over China. The results show that all the schemes have the capability to reasonably reproduce the spatial and temporal distributions of summer monsoon precipitation and the corresponding background circulation. The observed north-south shift of monsoon rain belt is also well simulated by the three schemes. Detailed comparison indicates that the Grell-Devenyi scheme gives a better performance than the others. Deficiency in simulated water vapor transport is one possible reason for the precipitation simulation bias.     

One-dimensional theory of the wave boundary layer

Results obtained in a 2-D modeling of the statistical structure of the wave boundary layer (WBL) are used for elaboration of the general approach to 1-D modeling taking into account the spectral properties of wave drag for an arbitrary wave field. In the case of the wave field described by the JONSWAP spectrum, the momentum and energy spectral density exchange, vertical profiles of the wave-induced momentum flux and dependence of total roughness parameter and drag coefficient on peak frequency are given. The reasons that the total roughness parameter increases with decreasing fetch are explained. The role of wind waves as an active element of the ocean-atmosphere dynamic system is also discussed.