环境污染及保护对策

环境保护中一个非常重要的工作,是广泛深入地开展环境地质工作。在赣南、江西乃至全国,环境地质工作的主要内容是防治水土流失,严禁废渣、废水随意排放,控制人口激增,保护有限耕地;为保护生态平衡,必须加强环境立法与执法,提高环境保护的重要性和必要性的认识,大规模切实地保护耕地,因地制宜植树造林。     

REE compositional characteristics of Hannuoba basalts

The Hannuoba basalts are a suite of associated rocks consisting of alkali basalts and tholeiites. The alkali basalts can be divided into the K-rich type and the Na-rich type, while the tholeiites are almost solely of the Na-rich type. These two types of basalt are characterized as being obviously rich in light rare earth elements, as is shown in the chondrite-normalized REE patterns exhibiting positive Eu anomalies. However, significant differences in (La / Yb)_N and Eu / Eu* ratios are noticed between these two types of basalt. They seem to have been derived from varying-degree partial melting of mantle rocks.     

我国岩溶充水矿床的基本水文地质特征及岩溶水的防治与利用

我国岩溶充水矿床分为三种类型:(1)溶隙充水矿床;(2)溶洞充水矿床;(3)暗河管道充水矿床。第一种类型主要分布于我国北方,矿床常赋存于巨大的岩溶水系统中,矿井突水淹井经常发生。但岩溶水又是发展工农业生产的重要水源。第二种类型主要分布在我国南方,岩溶塌陷是矿床开采中普遍存在的严重问题。第三种主要分布在我国西南,主要问题是雨季暗河突水。 本文总结了各类岩溶充水矿床的水文地质特征,并对岩溶水的防治与利用进行了详细讨论。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦布丘克造山型金矿床：来自流体包裹体、H- O- S同位素证据

吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带的矿床学数据缺乏,制约了天山造山带境内外成矿对比。布丘克金矿床位于吉尔吉斯斯坦北天山构造带中部。金矿体为石英复脉,呈带状发育于NWW向韧性剪切带中。矿体倾向SSW,倾角60°～70°,赋矿围岩主要为侵入于早古生代变质碎屑杂岩中的正长斑岩。布丘克金矿床成矿期石英流体包裹体观察、石英H-O同位素、硫化物S同位素测试结果显示,布丘克金矿床石英脉中包裹体大小集中在2～10μm之间,类型以H₂O-CO₂型、富CO₂型、水溶液型包裹体为主,成分以富CO₂、含CH₄为特征。成矿流体具有中温(200～320℃)、低盐度(3%～7%NaCl_eqv)特征;石英δD_V-SMOW值介于-108.1‰～-90.2‰之间,δ¹⁸O_流体值介于4.86‰～9.26‰之间;黄铁矿δ³⁴S分布在0‰左右(-0.9‰～1.6‰)。综合本文数据、矿床地质特征、区域地质资料,本文认为布丘...     

Study of galvanic interactions between pyrite and chalcopyrite in a flowing system: implications for the environment

When galvanic interactions between pyrite and chalcopyrite occur in solution, pyrite, with the higher rest potential, acts as a cathode and is protected whereas chalcopyrite, with the lower rest potential, acts as an anode and its oxidation is increased. In this work a three-electrode system was used to investigate the corrosion current density and mixed potential of a galvanic cell comprising a pyrite cathode and a chalcopyrite anode in a flowing system. The results showed that with increasing concentration of ferric ion in the solution, with increasing acidity, and with increasing flow rate of the solution, the corrosion current density increased and the mixed potential of the galvanic cell became more positive. These experimental results are of direct significance to the control of environmental pollution in mining activity. By using the galvanic model, mixed potential theory, and the Butler–Volmer equation, the experimental results were explained theoretically.     

晚上新世-早更新世北太平洋和黄土高原的风尘沉积记录的初步对比

保存在陆地、海洋和冰芯中的风尘沉积物与粉尘源区的干旱化历史、过去大气环流模式及其强度的演化密切相关,因而,直接的海陆风尘记录对比一直是古气候研究中的热点.为了获得对亚洲粉尘源区的干旱化波动和东亚季风演化的全面认识,较高分辨率地提取了北太平洋ODP 885站深海沉积物中的风尘组分,进而估算了晚上新世-早更新世时段北太平洋中部的风尘通量变化.结果表明,亚洲内陆粉尘源区的干燥度具有大时间尺度的变化特征,在2.Ma左右急剧增加,随后在2.～1.5Ma时段逐渐减小,自1.5Ma开始又逐渐增加.此外,在2.～0.9Ma时段,粉尘源区经历了多次显著的轨道时间尺度上的干湿波动.通过对北太平洋和黄土高原的风尘记录的直接对比,发现在距今约2.Ma,东亚地区的古环境发生了显著的变动,表现为亚洲内陆干旱化的加剧和大幅度冬、夏季风环流的盛行.然而,自2.Ma开始,尤其是1.5Ma以后,由于北太平洋和黄土高原与亚洲粉尘源区的距离不同,两地的风尘通量所揭示的干旱化趋势和变化幅度存有明显差异.北太平洋远离亚洲内陆,其风尘通量变化基本不受粉尘源区范围变化的影响,因而更能反映源区干燥度的变化.相反,黄土高原由于距离粉尘源区较近,风尘通量的变化可能同时受到粉尘源区干燥度和范围的变化以及携带粉尘的风动力强度变化的影响.显然,海洋和陆地古气候记录的直接对比,可为深入认识过去气候变化提供新的思路.     

库姆塔格沙漠的“羽毛状沙丘”形态的观测

参照卫星照片和地形图,实地观测了库姆塔格沙漠“羽毛状沙丘”分布区域的地貌。新月型“沙垄”是该区域的主导性地貌类型,垄间地形波状起伏。如果将“沙垄”喻为“羽轴”,垄间的波状起伏地形为“羽枝”,则可构成卫星照片所显示的“羽毛状沙丘”。新月型“沙垄”的走向为NE-SW,由新月形沙丘前一沙丘的迎风坡与后一沙丘的东翼相连而成,高3~19m,宽约50m,长15~22km。“垄”间起伏地形的波长为100~300m,振幅为40~100cm,与“沙垄”成60~105°夹角。在波状起伏地形的波峰与波谷过渡区堆积颜色较浅的细沙,厚2~7cm,构成了“大沙波”。实地观测的“羽毛状沙丘”的形态与卫星照片显示的形态有一定差异。     

Estimating coefficients of volume compressibility from compression of strata and piezometric changes in a multiaquifer system in west Taiwan

This paper estimates the coefficients of volume compressibility from variation in compressible layer thickness and changes in piezometric heads by using detail ground surface surveys and a multilayer monitoring well at a selected site (Shigang) within the Choshui River alluvial fan in west Taiwan. The paper integrates various types of in situ monitoring tools, including leveling surveys, continuous global position system (GPS) stations, multilevel layer compression and groundwater pressure head-monitoring wells, to investigate the situation and progress of the subsidence problem in the region. The results from the cross-analyses of the measured data show that surface settlement caused by the compression of strata is between the depths of 60 and 210 m where the clayey stratum within 120-180 m was most pronounced and contributes up to 53% of the total compression. The results indicate that the clayey stratum is under normal consolidation. The results also reflect the fact that 20% of settlement contribution comes from the sandy stratum within 90-120 m; the elasto-plastic behavior of this sandy stratum is clear. The coefficients of volume compressibility of the clayey and sandy stratum analysed from the stratum's compression records; they were 6.38×10⁻⁸ and 5.71×10⁻⁹ m²/N, respectively. Ultimately, this parameter estimation would permit to control and predict land subsidence based on change in pressure head which are related to groundwater extraction.     

晋城矿区东部9#煤聚煤期沉积环境演化

研究区位于山西沁水煤田东南部，晋城矿区的东部边缘，面积96km^2.该区普遍发育石炭、二叠纪地层。区内有晋城煤业集团古书院、王台铺、凤凰山三对生产矿井。以勘探资料为基础，对该区9号煤层赋存规律、成煤古地理及其演化进行了分析研究，阐述了沉积环境对煤层厚度的控制作用。     

A numerical solution of the dynamical instability of a thin accretion torus

We consider the non-axisymmetric, dynamical instability of a thin accretion torus with a non-zero shift of corotation radius. By numerical method we evaluated the wave number dependence of the linear rate of growth of instability and the co-rotation shift. The rate of growth is only slightly affected by the non-zero co-rotation shift, while the dispersion relation in the case of a shift is the same as that of the linear KdV equation. This shows that the “planet-like” solution found in numerical simulations of thin tori is very probably analogous to the soliton solution of the KdV equation.