Origin of sulphate in the unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer

The use of the sulphate mass balance (SMB) between precipitation and soil water as a supplementary method to estimate the diffuse recharge rate assumes that the sulphate in soil water originated entirely from atmospheric deposition; however, the origin of sulphate in soil and groundwater is often unclear, especially in loess aquifers. This study analysed the sulphur (δ³⁴S-SO₄) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O-SO₄) isotopes of sulphate in precipitation, water-extractable soil water, and shallow groundwater samples and used these data along with hydrochemical data to determine the sources of sulphate in the thick unsaturated zone and groundwater of a loess aquifer. The results suggest that sulphate in groundwater mainly originated from old precipitation. When precipitation percolates through the unsaturated zone to recharge groundwater, sulphates were rarely dissolved due to the formation of CaCO₃ film on the surface of sulphate minerals. The water-extractable sulphate in the deep unsaturated zone (>10 m) was mainly derived from the dissolution of evaporite minerals and there was no oxidation of sulphide minerals during the extraction of soil water by elutriating soil samples with deionized water. The water-extractable concentration of SO₄ was not representative of the actual SO₄ concentration in mobile soil water. Therefore, the recharge rate cannot be estimated by the SMB method using the water-extractable concentration of SO₄ in the loess areas. This study is important for identifying sulphate sources and clarifying the proper method for estimating the recharge rate in loess aquifers.     

Circulation and Heat Flux along the Western Boundary of the North Pacific

On the basis of the conductivity temperature depth(CTD)observation data off the coast of the Philippines(7.5°–18°N,130°E–the east coast of the Philippines)in the fall of 2005,the water mass distribution,geostrophic flow field,and heat budget are examined.Four water masses are present:the North Pacific Tropical Surface Water,the North Pacific Sub-surface Water,the North Pacific Intermediate Water,and the Antarctic Intermediate Water(AAIW).The previous three corresponded with the North Equatorial Current(NEC),the Kuroshio Current(KC),and the Mindanao Current(MC),respectively.AAIW is the source of the Mindanao Undercurrent.The mass transport of NEC,KC,and MC is 58.7,15,and 27.95Sv,respectively(relative to 1500db).NEC can be balanced by the transport across the whole transect 18°N(31.81 Sv)and 7.5°N(26.11 Sv)but not simply by KC and MC.Direct calculation is used to study the heat flux.In sum,1.45PW heat is transported outwards the observed region,which is much more than that released from the ocean to the air at the surface(0.05PW).The net heat lost decreased the water temperature by 0.75℃each month on average,and the trend agreed well with the SST change.Vertically,the heat transported by the currents is mainly completed in the upper 500 m.     

GIS支持下的油气多因素综合预测方法——以苏里格气田苏120区为例

苏里格气田为一致密沙岩气田,油气富集区的预测优选为气藏开发奠定基础。常规的油气富集区预测方法存在着多学科成果综合分析困难、预测过程复杂、效率低下等弊端,本文针对苏里格120区块开展了基于GIS的油气富集区多因素综合预测方法的研究。首先借助GIS的空间数据库,实现多学科成果图件的集成管理;然后基于空间定位,从多学科成果图件中提取预测多因子,构建油气多因素综合预测模型;再次,运用GIS强大的叠加分析方法进行多因素综合预测,自动生成油气富集区预测平面图。本文的研究,为油气富集区的预测提供了新的技术方法,有效地提高了预测效率。     

Analysis of geometry-free residuals in case of traveling ionosphere disturbances and their impact cycle slip detection

GPS Solutions - We discuss the impact of a traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) on cycle slip detection for the geometry-free (GF) combination. Based on the GF combination algorithm, we deduce...     

澳大利亚冷空气活动对西北太平洋热带气旋生成的影响

利用1980—2012年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国气象局的最佳台风路径资料,研究澳大利亚冷空气活动对西北太平洋热带气旋生成的影响。研究发现,北半球夏季925 h Pa经向风超过6 m/s的频数在澳大利亚东北部海域最高,达40 d/a。为此,确定澳大利亚冷空气侵入南北半球低纬的关键区为澳大利亚东北部所罗门海地区,并用该区域经向风风速定义了一个澳大利亚冷空气活动强度指数。该指数与越赤道气流及赤道西风都有很好的相关关系,还与同期的SOI(Southern Oscillation Index,南方涛动指数)显著相关。当SOI偏低(高)时,关键区经向风风速偏强(弱)。合成分析和相关分析结果表明,澳大利亚冷空气活动强、弱年西北太平洋热带气旋生成的位置的变化与季风槽的变化一致,西北太平洋热带气旋生成总数则无显著差异。澳大利亚冷空气活动强年季风槽偏强偏东,热带气旋生成位置偏东偏南;而弱年季风槽偏弱偏西,热带气旋生成位置偏西偏北。低层涡度场、水汽输送、风垂直切变以及低纬地区对流活动的分布表明,澳大利亚冷空气活动强年有利于热带气旋生成位置偏东、偏南;弱年偏西、偏北。     

基于多源数据的中国地形海拔分级指标调整研究

使用SRTM DEM、土地覆被、冻融侵蚀、河流沟谷等多源数据,对区分海拔等级的指标地物作了具体分析,以指标地物的平均海拔为依据,通过分级指标对象(如冰川、林线)分布高程重合或贴近的多条等高线圈形成分级等高平面,对陆地地貌进行切割划分,用每组指标对象偏离等高平面的值作为控制量(控制点),插值重构分级参考曲面。该方案最大限度突出指标的地理意义,形成的海拔分级结果与中国地理系统分布特征更为贴近,可以为中国大尺度地貌基本形态的划分提供参考。     

Analysis of the coupled relationship between grain yields and agricultural labor changes in China

In this paper we establish a model that expresses the coupled relationship between grain yield and agricultural labor changes in China, and present a preliminary discussion of the coupled processes involved in changes in these factors at the county level. Thus, we develop two coefficients on the basis of county-level statistical data for grain yield and agricultural labor for the years 1991, 2000, and 2010, namely, the grain-labor elasticity coefficient (GLEC) and the agricultural labor-transfer effect coefficient (ALTEC). The results of this study show that during the transformation process of agricultural development in China, different kinds of coupled relationships between grain yield and agricultural labor changes co-existed at the same time. For example, between 1991 and 2010, counties characterized by three different coupled modes (i.e., increasing grain yield and decreasing agricultural labor, increasing grain yield and agricultural labor, and decreasing grain yield and agricultural labor) account for 48.85%, 29.11%, and 19.74% of the total across the study area, respectively. Interestingly, a coupled relationship between increasing grain yield and decreasing agricultural labor is mainly concentrated in the traditional farming areas of China, while a coupled relationship between increasing grain yield and agricultural labor is primarily concentrated in pastoral areas and agro-pastoral ecotones in underdeveloped western China. At the same time, a coupled relationship between decreasing grain yield and agricultural labor is concentrated in areas that have experienced a rapid development transition in agriculture, especially the developed southeastern coast of China. The results of this study also show that between 1991 and 2010, 1961 counties experienced a decline in the proportion of agricultural labor; of these, 1452 are also characterized by increasing grain yield, 72.38% of the total. This coupled relationship between grain yield and changes in the proportion of agricultural labor shows a stepped fluctuation and has continually strengthened over time. Data show that mean values for the GLEC and ALTEC increased from–0.25 and–2.93 between 1991 and 2000 to–0.16 and–1.78 between 2000 and 2010, respectively. These changes in GLEC and ALTEC illustrate that the influence of agricultural labor changes on increasing grain yields has gradually diminished. Finally, the results of this study reveal that the ‘Hu Huanyong Line’ is a significant boundary sub-dividing this coupled relationship between grain yield and changes in agricultural labor.     

论地理学的身体美学研究

首先回顾了地理学关于身体美学研究的起源、发展、形成,并对其内涵做以解读;然后总结了身体第一性、精神分析、审美感知、审美表现等分析方法;再次从身体塑造的基础层次与智慧延伸、身体塑造的地方性与时代性、身体塑造与文化、精神、环境的关系等方面,在先天自然美和后天人工美两个层次上阐释了身体美学的实际应用;最后概括了学科性质、研究重点和研究目标,也展望了发展前景。研究发现:⑴地理学的身体美学研究强调对身体美的感知及其对人体机能乃至身体价值的欣赏,强调一种以身体为中心的"状态"和生活方式,强调人的自然美与社会美的和谐,强调普遍的个人身体方面的行为规范,强调身体美的正确引导、控制与改进及其接近生活实际。⑵地理学通过情感地理、文化地理和行为地理等与"地方"观点、"表征与非表征"观点相结合,于20世纪90年代初在新文化地理范畴下揭示了身体美学内涵:人作为文化行为主体与地方相互作用形成人的"归属"并最终形成"地方"文化,身体美学与新文化地理学交集于身体文化意义的研究。⑶在身体塑造过程中存在身体美学的地方和时代差异,不同空间和时间背景下影响社会认知和审美的因素不断变化,人在不同环境下与地方情感相结合,因地方情结的差异和时代特征的差异带来对身体认知的不同,形成了身体塑造的差异性。地理学的身体美学研究丰富了人文地理学的内容。     

丘陵地貌区高程内插适宜方法选择——以长春净月潭为例

对不同的地貌区进行空间内插时选择的适宜方法不同,以典型丘陵地貌区长春市净月潭地区的高程为研究对象,用ArcGIS 9.2分别作反距离权重法、最近邻点法、趋势面分析和克里金法做高程内插。应用交叉检验方法对其内插的精度作出分析,检验其科学性和可靠性,得出反距离权重法、最近邻点法、趋势面法、样条函数法和克里金法高程内插的不同精度,并对各种方法的适用性进行讨论。结果表明最近邻点法精度最高,以下依次为普通克里金插值法、样条函数、反距离权重法、趋势面法。为类似于净月潭地区的丘陵地貌区高程内插提供选择参考。     

3D Zernike矩在三维地形匹配中应用

本文介绍了三维地形匹配工作原理,提出3DZernike矩在三维地形匹配中应用算法。该方法利用三维地形曲面与其3DZernike矩具有一一对应关系,计算实时恢复得到的三维地形与基准图中参考三维地形的3DZernike矩,比较这两个3DZernike矩之间欧式距离,并以欧式距离最小为最佳匹配原则实现三维地形的精确匹配。该方法充分利用3DZernike矩的性质,将三维地形匹配转换成3DZernike矩匹配。该算法对匹配地形无特殊要求,抗噪声能力强,能实现三维地形的精确匹配。