CDC到S-57物标属性对照研究

分析我国数字海图(简称CDC)和国际海道测量数据传输标准(S-57)结构特点,特别是两种数据结构中物标和属性的定义及相互关系;研究CDC要素或属性拆解细分,整合为S-57物标或属性技术并提出对照方法;探索数字海图从CDC格式向S-57转换的理论基础。     

海岸带区域海洋生态环境承载力综合评价方法体系的探讨与分析

作为协调海岸带区域开发利用活动与生态环境保护之间关系,衡量海岸带区域可持续发展能力的重要手段之一,海洋生态环境承载力综合评价的量化研究至关重要。文章总结了当前海洋生态环境承载力综合评价研究中所存在的问题,比较分析了当前承载力评价中常用的技术方法,并结合海岸带区域的特点,遴选出一套适用于海岸带区域海洋生态环境承载力综合评价的方法体系;在此基础上,通过案例应用的结果分析,进一步探讨该方法体系的可行性与局限性,并提出了改进建议。研究结果表明：鉴于海岸带区域生态系统的复杂性和不确定性,目前一些传统、常用的承载力评价方法,并不能很好地适用于海岸带区域海洋生态环境承载力综合评价;文章所提出的方法体系通过充分考虑人类活动与海洋生态环境之间的相互作用,能较好地支持海岸带区域海洋生态环境承载力评价指标体系的建立,客观地对各项评价指标进行赋权,并能定量化地对海洋生态环境承载力开展综合分析与评估,从而为海岸带区域生态环境承载力综合评价提供一个可行的途径,并为确保海岸带区域的可持续发展提供经验参考;此外,该方法体系存在着两方面的局限性,包括缺乏权威和统一的指标体系构建方法,以及缺乏具体的评价结果分级标准。鉴此,建议未来需要对指标体系构建和评价结果分类标准的相关方法,进一步开展深入研究,从而不断地完善海洋生态环境承载力综合评价的方法体系,使海洋生态环境承载力综合评价的结果更加科学精确。     

东准噶尔贝勒库都克铝质A型花岗岩微量元素地球化学特征及地质意义

通过对新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区贝勒库都克岩体的岩石地球化学特征的研究,结果表明,在贝勒库都克黑云母花岗岩中Rb、K和Th等大离子亲石元素明显富集,相对富集Zr、Hf等高场强元素,相对亏损Ba、Sr、Nb和Eu等元素,稀土元素含量相对较高,Eu的负异常极强,稀土元素配分模式呈平坦的"V"字型,属于典型的铝质A型花岗岩。该花岗岩在成因上属于A2型,形成于后碰撞的张性环境,其来源可能与洋壳和岛弧建造组成的年轻地壳有关。花岗岩微量元素构造判别图显示它是一种后碰撞花岗岩,标志卡拉麦里地区在晚石炭世造山作用的结束和板内构造演化的开始。该岩体锡质量分数普遍都比较高(15.50 10-6),为锡的成矿物质来源和锡矿矿床学的深入探索提供重要参考。     

近2000年来杭州西湖藻类种群的演替与富营养化的发展过程

于１９９１年在西湖底作１５个深度１ｍ左右的钻孔,根据其内微分石藻的垂直分布探索西湖近２０００年藻类种群的演替,并藉此反映湖泊的古生境及其富营养化发展的历程,结果显示淡水西湖形成后藻类的垂直分布由下而上可分为３带：（１）附生藻带（短缝藻－桥穹藻－异极藻组合）：－８５ｃｍ至－４５ｃｍ,以喜酸性及真酸性的附生藻为主,适应于当时的沼泽生境。（２）附生藻向浮游藻过渡带（水花束丝藻－直链藻组合）：通常在－３０     

我国水库渔业对水质的影响及其生态控制对策

我国水库资源丰富,水质优良,是极佳的淡水养殖水体;实施科学合理的渔业可降低水库氮磷营养负荷,是合理利用水面和生物资源的需要.我国水库渔业自1950年代起步,1979年后快速发展,水库养殖面积迅速扩大、养殖产量显著增加、养殖品种多样化,先后发展形成6种不同的渔业模式.由于片面追求水库渔业的产量,大量施肥和投饵带来过量外源氮、磷等营养元素导致水库水体的富营养化,水质下降,有的水库甚至暴发了蓝藻水华.针对库区水质保护的要求,数项生态控制对策被提出以降低水库渔业对水质的负面影响.     

分形几何在岩土力学研究中的过去、现在与未来

首先简略地介绍了分形几何理论及其方法。从岩土材料结构的定量描述、流体在岩土体中的渗流问题、岩土材料强度的分形模型和分形空间的力学特征四个方面叙述了分形理论在岩土力学研究中取得的成果及应用。指出只有将岩土力学系统在欧氏空间的各种基本变量、原理和方法向分形空间推广和拓展,才能产生对岩土材料非线性力学行为的新认识,这也是分形理论在岩土力学研究中进一步深化的基础。     

江西罗塘石膏矿床地质特征

江西省贵溪市罗塘石膏矿赋存于晚白垩世地层中,是一个湖相沉积型矿床,已探明资源储量在3000万吨以上,属大型规模。本文主要介绍矿床地质特征、矿石质量及开发利用方向。     

RELATION BETWEEN SUMMER TYPHOON FREQUENCY ANOMALIES IN WEST PACIFIC AND ENSO EVENTS AND THE ANOMALOUS ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION CHARACTERISTICS

By using data of serially numbered typhoons in northwestern Pacific and NOAA OLR data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of wind field, based on the statistics and study of the relationship between the calendar years with more (or fewer) summer typhoons and ENSO events, we compared the composites of OLR eigenvectors and tropical summer wind fields during El Nino and La Nina events with more or fewer than normal summer typhoons, respectively. The results show that, in summer, without remarkable systematic anomalies of Mascarene High and Australia High in South Hemisphere, the anomaly of Walker circulation will dominate and follow the rule of ENSO impacts to atmospheric circulation and typhoon frequency. Otherwise, when systematic anomalies of Australia High appear during the El Nino events, circulation anomalies in the South Hemisphere will dominate, and many more typhoons will occur. In 1999, which is a special year of La Nina events, northward and eastward monsoon was induced by the stronger Mascarene High, and fewer typhoons arose. The typhoon source are regions where weak vertical wind shear, warm pool in western Pacific and the area with monsoon troughs are overlapping with each other. Finally, this paper analyzes and compares the source locations and ranges of more (fewer) typhoons in the events of El Nino and La Nina, respectively.     

Using live vegetation volume to analyze the effects of plot Pinus massoniana Lamb on water and soil conservation under natural rainfall events

The 3-D spatial distributions of vegetation are of great significance for water and soil conservation but are rarely concerned in literatures. The live vegetation volume （LVV） was used to relate to water/soil loss under 144 natural erosive rainfall events from 2007 to 2010 in a typical water-eroded area of southern China. Quadratic polynomial regression models were established for five pure tree （Pinus massoniana Lamb） plots between LVV and water （rtmoff）/soil conservation effects （RE/SE）. RE/SE corresponds to the ratios of runoff depth/soil loss of the pure tree plots to that of the control plot under each rainfall event. Increasing LVV exhibits descending （DS）, descending-ascending （DA）, ascending-descending （AD）, and ascending （AS） trends in the LVV-RE and LVV-SE curves. The effects of soil conservation on the plots were generally more noticeable than the effects of water conservation, and most of the RE and SE values reflected the positive effects of water and soil conservation. The effects were mainly positive under heavy rains （e.g., rainfall erosivity, R = 140 MJ mm ha-l h, maximum 30 min intensity, I30 = 16 mm h-l）, whereas the effects were mainly negative under light rains （e.g., R = 45 MJ mm ha-1 h, I30 = 8 mm h-l）. The trees＇ water/soil conservation effects notably transformed when rainfall erosivity and intensity were lower than the positive or negative effects to a certain threshold. About 50% rainfall events led to obvious transform effects when LVVs were near 0.5 or 0.6. These results are able to aid in the decision making on the forest reconstruction in water-eroded areas.     

乌梁素海大气重金属沉降入湖通量初步估算

重金属元素以大气颗粒物为载体,最终以沉降的方式进入湖泊水体,会引起湖泊的重金属污染.为调查大气沉降对乌梁素海重金属污染的贡献,于2013年7月1日至30日围绕乌梁素海进行大气沉降样品采集,分别测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As 7种重金属元素的含量,并在此基础上估算7月大气重金属沉降通量及入湖量.结果表明,乌梁素海重金属元素大气沉降通量大小依次为:ZnPbCuCrAsHgCd.结合社会调查情况及数据分析显示,大气微粒携带重金属借助风力迁移,较大的沉降通量出现在主风向的下风向区域,说明风向是影响乌梁素海大气重金属沉降通量的主要因素之一.排干输入与大气沉降方式下的乌梁素海重金属入湖量比较发现,大气沉降是除排干输入外湖泊的另一重要重金属污染源.Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、As、Hg、Cd等重金属元素月入湖量分别为10.6、1.04、1.02、0.833、0.342、0.00514、0.00281t/月.通过估算底泥重金属增量来评价大气沉降对湖泊重金属的贡献表明,大气Hg、Zn、Pb、Cu、As、Cd、Cr等重金属沉降对湖泊贡献率分别为46.4%、44.7%、14.1%、12.0%、8.48%、4.75%、4.03%.