Influence of land use on the persistence effect of riverine phosphorus

The persistence effect contribution of legacy nutrients is often cited as a reason for little or no improvement in water quality following extensive implementation of watershed nutrient mitigation actions, yet there is limited knowledge concerning factors influencing this response, often called the “persistence effect.” Here, we adopted detrended fluctuation analysis and Spearman analysis methods to assess the influence of land use on the watershed phosphorus (P) persistence effect, using monthly water quality records during 2010–2016 in 13 catchments within a drinking water reservoir watershed in eastern China. Detrended fluctuation analysis was used to calculate the Hurst exponent α to assess watershed legacy P characteristics (α  ≈ 0.5, α  > 0.5, and α  < 0.5 indicate white noise, persistence, and anti‐persistence, respectively). Results showed weak to strong P persistence (0.60–0.81) in the time series of riverine P in the 13 catchments. The Hurst exponent α had negative relationships with agricultural land (R = ?.47, p = .11) and developed land (R = ?.67, p = .01) and a positive relationship with forest land cover (R = .48, p = .10). The persistence effect of riverine P was mainly determined by retention ability (biogeochemical legacy) and migration efficiency (hydrological legacy). A catchment with strong retention capacity (e.g., biomass uptake/storage and soil PO₄ sorption) and low migration efficiency results in a stronger persistence effect for riverine P. In practice, source control is more effective in catchments with weak persistence, whereas sink control (e.g., riparian buffers and wetlands) is preferred in catchments with strong persistence effects.     

Enhancing seismic P phase arrival picking based on wavelet denoising and kurtosis picker

P phase arrival picking of weak signals is still challenging in seismology. A wavelet denoising is proposed to enhance seismic P phase arrival picking, and the kurtosis picker is applied on the wavelet-denoised signal to identify P phase arrival. It has been called the WD-K picker. The WD-K picker, which is different from those traditional wavelet-based pickers on the basis of a single wavelet component or certain main wavelet components, takes full advantage of the reconstruction of main detail wavelet components and the approximate wavelet component. The proposed WD-K picker considers more wavelet components and presents a better P phase arrival feature. The WD-K picker has been evaluated on 500 micro-seismic signals recorded in the Chinese Yongshaba mine. The comparison between the WD-K pickings and manual pickings shows the good picking accuracy of the WD-K picker. Furthermore, the WD-K picking performance has been compared with the main detail wavelet component combining-based kurtosis (WDC-K) picker, the single wavelet component-based kurtosis (SW-K) picker, and certain main wavelet component-based maximum kurtosis (MMW-K) picker. The comparison has demonstrated that the WD-K picker has better picking accuracy than the other three-wavelet and kurtosis-based pickers, thus showing the enhanced ability of wavelet denoising.     

从原生晕、原生叠加晕到构造叠加晕:化探找盲矿法的发展与创新

构造叠加晕找盲矿法是在原生晕找盲矿法理论基础上发展的新技术方法。根据热液矿床成矿成晕具多期多阶段叠加特点提出的原生晕叠加理论,将原生晕找盲矿法发展为原生叠加晕找盲矿法;根据热液矿床成矿成晕严格受构造控制而提出的构造叠加晕理论,将原生叠加晕找盲矿法发展为构造叠加晕找盲矿法。文章介绍了从原生晕到原生叠加晕又到构造叠加晕找盲矿法在理论、研究思路、工作方法等方面的发展与创新。     

海岸带区域海洋生态环境承载力综合评价方法体系的探讨与分析

作为协调海岸带区域开发利用活动与生态环境保护之间关系,衡量海岸带区域可持续发展能力的重要手段之一,海洋生态环境承载力综合评价的量化研究至关重要。文章总结了当前海洋生态环境承载力综合评价研究中所存在的问题,比较分析了当前承载力评价中常用的技术方法,并结合海岸带区域的特点,遴选出一套适用于海岸带区域海洋生态环境承载力综合评价的方法体系;在此基础上,通过案例应用的结果分析,进一步探讨该方法体系的可行性与局限性,并提出了改进建议。研究结果表明：鉴于海岸带区域生态系统的复杂性和不确定性,目前一些传统、常用的承载力评价方法,并不能很好地适用于海岸带区域海洋生态环境承载力综合评价;文章所提出的方法体系通过充分考虑人类活动与海洋生态环境之间的相互作用,能较好地支持海岸带区域海洋生态环境承载力评价指标体系的建立,客观地对各项评价指标进行赋权,并能定量化地对海洋生态环境承载力开展综合分析与评估,从而为海岸带区域生态环境承载力综合评价提供一个可行的途径,并为确保海岸带区域的可持续发展提供经验参考;此外,该方法体系存在着两方面的局限性,包括缺乏权威和统一的指标体系构建方法,以及缺乏具体的评价结果分级标准。鉴此,建议未来需要对指标体系构建和评价结果分类标准的相关方法,进一步开展深入研究,从而不断地完善海洋生态环境承载力综合评价的方法体系,使海洋生态环境承载力综合评价的结果更加科学精确。     

硼的地球化学性质及其在俯冲带的循环与成矿初探

硼是广泛应用于化工、农业、材料科学及核工业领域的重要元素。硼与氢的核聚变反应是未来具备运用潜力的清洁能源。硼作为典型的亲石元素,是高度不相容元素。硼元素容易富集于蚀变洋壳及蛇纹石化地幔橄榄岩中。而在板块俯冲过程中,由于硼具有强的流体活动性,会优先赋存于流体中。因此,当蛇纹石化的大洋岩石圈及覆于其上的沉积物在俯冲过程中发生脱水,这使得弧前地幔楔发生大规模的蛇纹石化。此时大量硼元素很可能随俯冲流体释放并封存于弧前地幔楔中。目前已发现的超大型硼矿床主要位于聚合型板块边缘,尤其土耳其拥有世界上最大的硼酸盐储量。我们推测这些矿床的形成基础条件之一可能与弧前高度蛇纹石化的地幔楔有关。尤其是在洋 陆俯冲环境,弧前蛇纹岩或蛇绿混杂岩首先通过俯冲侵蚀再循环到火山弧岩浆中,使得岩浆更富集硼。随后弧火山喷发大量富硼的火山岩、岩浆热液及水气。在岩浆冷却过程中,硼元素析出、沉淀于火山表面,并伴随风化、侵蚀过程汇聚至碰撞造山带的封闭湖盆之中。此外,干冷的气候条件下也进一步促进了硼的成矿。我国具有形成大型、超大型硼矿的地质条件,应加大研究及探勘力度,并适当购买硼作为战略储备。     

Spatial Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Strike‐slip Fault Zones in the Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift,Tarim Basin: Insight from 3D Seismic Data

The detailed characteristics of the Paleozoic strike-slip fault zones developed in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift are closely related to hydrocarbon explorations. In this study, five major strike-slip fault zones that cut through the Cambrian-Middle Devonian units are identified, by using 3D seismic data. Each of the strike-slip fault zones is characterized by two styles of deformation, namely deeper strike-slip faults and shallower en-echelon faults. By counting the reverse separation of the horizon along the deeper faults, activity intensity on the deeper strike-slip faults in the south is stronger than that on the northern ones. The angle between the strike of the shallower en-echelon normal faults and the principal displacement zone(PDZ) below them is likely to have a tendency to decrease slightly from the south to the north, which may indicate that activity intensity on the shallower southern en-echelon faults is stronger than that on the northern ones. Comparing the reverse separation along the deeper faults and the fault throw of the shallower faults, activity intensity of the Fault zone S1 is similar across different layers, while the activity intensity of the southern faults is larger than that of the northern ones. It is obvious that both the activity intensity of the same layer in different fault zones and different layers in the same fault zone have a macro characteristic in that the southern faults show stronger activity intensity than the northern ones. The Late Ordovician décollement layer developed in the Tazhong area and the peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin have been considered two main factors in the differential deformation characteristics of the strike-slip fault zones in the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. They controlled the differences in the multi-level and multi-stage deformations of the strike-slip faults, respectively. In particular, peripheral tectonic events of the Tarim Basin were the dynamic source of the formatting and evolution of the strike-slip fault zones, and good candidates to accommodate the differential activity intensity of these faults.     

基于波形相似特征的微地震事件初至拾取及全局校正

微地震事件初至拾取是井下微地震监测数据处理的关键步骤之一.初至误差的存在会使微地震震源定位结果产生较大偏差,进而影响后续的压裂裂缝解释.通常初至拾取过程对所有的微地震事件选择相同的特征函数并采用一致的拾取参数进行统一处理,然而当事件的能量、震源机制、传播路径以及背景噪声等存在明显差异时,所得初至拾取结果差别显著.为了提高微地震事件初至拾取标准一致性,本文提出基于波形相似特征的初至拾取及全局校正方法.该方法首先利用互相关函数对每个事件内的各道记录进行时差校正,得到初始初至信息并形成叠加道,再对所有事件的叠加道进行全局互相关得到事件间初至相对校正量,最终初至结果可以通过各个事件的初始初至信息与其相对校正量相加得到.方法将所有微地震事件初至结果作为一个整体处理,从而能够克服常规方法初至拾取标准一致性差的缺陷.实际资料处理结果表明,相比于常规方法,该方法可以有效提高事件初至拾取和定位结果的一致性.     

蔚县盆地中更新世哺乳动物化石新发现

1 研究目的(Objective) 蔚县盆地为典型的冀西北山间盆地,与阳原盆地仅一山之隔,二者共同组成了广义的"泥河湾盆地",盆地内广泛出露中更新统郝家台组(Qp2h)河-湖相沉积物.相比阳原盆地,蔚县盆地古生物化石研究程度较低.20世纪80年代,盆地北部(大南沟一带)出土具有上新世—早更新世面貌的小型哺乳动物化石,近...     

基于MatDEM的砂土侧限压缩试验离散元模拟研究

离散元法基于非连续介质力学理论,尤其适用于砂土等离散介质体的数值模拟研究。利用岩土体离散元模拟软件MatDEM的二次开发功能,研发了砂土侧限压缩试验三维离散元模拟器。对三个不同级配砂土试样进行了侧限压缩试验,并且进行了与之相对应的数值模拟,通过分析对比试验结果与数值模拟结果验证了所开发模拟器的有效性。模拟结果表明:离散元法可以很好地反应砂土压缩过程中的配位数变化;每个模拟样品中,粒径较小的单元受到较大的平均压力,导致平均位移较大;数值计算结果的主要误差是由离散元颗粒自身的泊松比引起的。研究突破了常规土力学研究方法的局限性,为今后岩土工程离散元模拟研究提供了参考。      

2008-2013年库姆塔格沙漠及阿尔金山降水特征

库姆塔格沙漠极端干旱,而其南部阿尔金山比较湿润.研究库姆塔格沙漠及南部阿尔金山的降水特征,对揭示库姆塔格沙漠水源补给机制和地貌形成原因具有重要作用.本文利用中国自动气象站与CMORPH融合逐时降水量0.1°网格数据集,分析了库姆塔格沙漠及阿尔金山的降水特征.结果表明:(1)库姆塔格沙漠降水主要集中在夏季,其他季节降水较少;而阿尔金山降水主要集中在春、秋两季,并存在一条降水量大值带,3月范围最大而夏季消失;(2)阿尔金山对库姆塔格沙漠的水源补给作用主要体现在春、秋两季,夏季降水基本与库姆塔格沙漠持平,春季降水超出库姆塔格沙漠最多;(3)阿尔金山各月平均逐小时降水量演变特征有很大不同,冬季12、1月及夏季6、7月每月逐时降水演变特征以"凌晨型"为主,可能与凌晨云顶辐射冷却引起的大气层结不稳定有关;春、秋两季每月逐时降水演变特征以"午后-黄昏型"为主, 可能与午后太阳辐射地面加热引起的大气层结不稳定有关;2、8月是两种类型的过渡时期.本文研究结果可为探索库姆塔格沙漠水源补给机制以及"羽毛状沙丘"独特的沙漠景观形成原因提供一定的参考依据.