云南省峨山县生态民俗旅游发展的SWOT分析及对策

随着生态旅游和民族文化旅游的兴起,云南省峨山县作为彝族的发源地,并且拥有丰富多彩的自然资源和极富多样性的生态环境,在生态民俗旅游方面拥有较大的发展空间。运用SWOT分析方法,详细地分析了峨山县旅游发展的四大优势、5个劣势、4大机遇和四个方面挑战,并在此基础上将外部环境的机会和挑战、内部的优势和薄弱环节结合起来,就峨山县发展生态民俗旅游提出了四大具体对策（即SO战略、WO战略、ST战略和WT战略）,旨在为峨山县生态民俗旅游的进一步开发、规划提供理论依据。     

武汉市碳排放的测算及影响因素分解研究

研究基于14个主要方面碳源,测算了武汉市1996—2009年碳排放量。发现自1996年以来武汉市碳排放呈现"平稳—上升—平稳"的三阶段特征。进一步基于LMDI模型分解碳排放的影响因素,结果表明,能源结构、能源效率因素对碳排放量具有一定抑制作用,但效果不够显著且波动性较强,1997—2009年与基期相比,能源结构、能源效率因素分别累计实现了0.95%,11.30%的碳减排;而经济因素与人口规模因素则对碳排放具有较强推动作用,分别累计产生了64.65%,19.65%的碳增量。最后,据此提出推进武汉市碳减排的对策建议。     

农谚在河南冬小麦种植及气候适应中的应用

农谚是反映人地关系的地方性知识,研究其在农业生产中的应用及适用性,有助于理解人地关系的变迁及地域特点。收集整理河南冬小麦种植的农谚,归纳总结了冬小麦生育期的农谚时序表。进而利用洛阳、开封、信阳1951—2003年的气象观测数据,分析农谚与气候适应的关系。结果显示,随着气候的变化,农谚中的冬小麦适宜播种期比气象实测的适宜播种期略微早。农谚指出冬小麦越冬期怕冬暖,拔节孕穗期间怕春寒及灌浆需晴暖天气,均与实际观测的气象数据相符合。农谚指出了冬小麦缺水及容易出现旱情的生育阶段,并以此进行旱灾适应。     

广东天堂铜铅锌多金属矿床Rb-Sr等时线年龄及其地质意义

文章选取8件闪锌矿、3件方铅矿和1件黄铁矿样品,采用Rb-Sr等时线定年方法测定天堂铜铅锌多金属矿床的成矿时代.获得闪锌矿等时线年龄为(98.1±1.6) Ma,闪锌矿+方铅矿等时线年龄为(99±2)Ma,闪锌矿+方铅矿+黄铁矿等时线年龄为(98.2±1.3) Ma,闪锌矿+黄铁矿等时线年龄为(97.87±0.96) Ma,方铅矿+黄铁矿等时线年龄为(98.6±4.2) Ma.Rb-Sr定年结果表明,天堂铜铅锌多金属矿床的成矿时代为98 Ma左右,矿床形成于晚白垩世早期,可能与135Ma之后太平洋板块的运动方向发生转向,使得中国大陆包括华南板块在内均处于持续伸展阶段有关.硫化物矿石Rb-Sr所得的Sr同位素初始比(87Sr/86Sr)i平均值为0.7117,小于陆源硅酸盐的值(0.720),高于地幔Sr的初始值0.707,结合笔者对该矿床所做的S、Pb等同位素组成特征研究,显示成矿物质来源于壳幔混合.研究表明,利用特定矿床的主要矿石矿物,采用Rb-Sr等时线定年方法通过共生矿物组合和单矿物相互约束,可以有效地确定成矿时代,这对了解矿床的成矿背景等具有一定的指示意义.     

Genetic mechanism and failure process of the Mogangling seismic landslide

This paper presents a case study on the Mogangling landslide and its characteristics and geological mechanism. The Mogangling landslide is a giant rock landslide located at the intersection of Dadu river and Moxi river. It is a landslide triggered by an earthquake with large magnitude that occurred in 18th century. Based on detailed site investigation, it shows the Mogangling landslide developed in the Kangding complex strata, composed of completely decomposed aggregates of massive-block stone, debris and soil with some gravels, pebbles and sand layer found distributed in front of the landslide. The control factor of the deformation of this landslide is the combined effect of Detuo fault which is located under the slope, and the regional stress formed along structural planes as well as the free surfaces formed by river cutting. Therefore, when the Kangding-Moxi earthquake (Ms =7.7) occurred on 1st June, 1786, due to seismic shaking, topographic amplification effects and back slope effects, the Mogangling landslide occurred. The Dadu River is the most important river for hydropower development in China; large-scale seismic landslides along the Dadu River are the most important geological issue during the construction of hydropower stations. Therefore, this research is important from the point of view of economic and social benefits.     

Coastal Wetlands of China: Changes from the 1970s to 2007 Based on a New Wetland Classification System

A new classification of coastal wetlands along the coast of China has been generated that is compatible with the Ramsar Convention of 1971. The coastal wetlands have been divided into two broad categories with overall nine subcategories. On this basis, a series of coastal wetland maps, together covering the coast of mainland China, have been produced based on topographic maps acquired in the 1970s and satellite images acquired in 2007. These document substantial wetland losses over this period. In the 1970s, the total coastal wetland area in China was 5.76?×?10⁴?km², whereas in 2007, it was 5.36?×?10⁴?km², indicating a loss of 7 %. Over this approximately 40-year period, the area of natural coastal wetlands decreased from 5.74?×?10⁴ to 5.09?×?10⁴?km², while that of artificial coastal wetlands increased from 240 to 2,740 km². Due to shoreline and sea-level changes, newly formed coastal wetlands amounted to 2,460 km², while coastal wetland loss amounted to 6,310 km² in the period from the 1970s to 2007. When excluding shallow coastal waters (depths between 0 and ?5 m), nearly 16 % of Chinese coastal wetlands have been lost between the 1970s and 2007.     

西藏泽当蛇绿岩玄武岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄 及其地质意义

雅鲁藏布江缝合带中各蛇绿岩体的准确定年对待提斯洋演化和青藏高原隆升的研究具有重要意义.泽当蛇绿岩是雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段最大的蛇绿岩块体,关于其形成年龄目前仍存在不同的认识.通过SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年得到蛇绿岩中玄武岩的形成年龄为154.9Ma±2.0Ma(95％置信度,MSWD=0.98).蛇绿岩中的玄武岩是洋脊扩张的产物,其形成年龄代表了扩张事件的时间,也代表了蛇绿岩的形成时代.结合已有的雅鲁藏布江缝合带蛇绿岩的形成年龄,该年龄进一步反映出雅鲁藏布江缝合带蛇绿岩形成时间具有东早西晚的特点.泽当蛇绿岩与含有埃达克质英云闪长岩的泽当岛弧火成岩基本为同期形成的.地球化学特征显示定年的玄武岩形成于俯冲带之上,且具有指示洋内俯冲环境的地球化学特征.因此,泽当SSZ型蛇绿岩可能形成于洋内俯冲机制.     

Stress-induced evolution of anisotropic thermal conductivity of dry granular materials

Various factors, such as the volumetric fraction of constituents, mineralogy, and pore fluids, affect heat flow in granular materials. Although the stress applied on granular materials controls the formation of major pathways for heat flow, few studies have focused on a detailed investigation of its significance with regard to the thermal conductivity and anisotropy of the materials. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the stress-induced evolution of anisotropic thermal conductivity of dry granular materials with supplementary experimental results. Granular materials under a variety of stress conditions in element testing are analyzed by the three-dimensional discrete element method, and quantitative variations in their anisotropic effective thermal conductivity are calculated via the network model and conductivity tensor measurements. Results show that the directional development of contact area and fabric under anisotropic stress conditions leads to the evolution of anisotropy in thermal conductivity. The anisotropy induced in thermal conductivity by shear stress is higher than that induced by compressive stress because shear stress causes more significant changes in microstructural configurations and boundary conditions. The shear-stress-induced evolution of anisotropy between principal thermal conductivities depends on dilatancy as well as shearing mode, and the shear-driven discontinuity localizes the conductivity. Factors involved in the stress-induced evolution and their implications on the thermal conductivity characterization are discussed.     

Development and application of a master-slave parallel hybrid multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for groundwater remediation design

Two primary goals of a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) for solving multi-objective optimization problems are to find as many nondominated solutions as possible toward the true Pareto front and to maintain diversity of Pareto-optimal solutions along the tradeoff curves. However, few MOEAs can achieve these two goals concurrently. This study presents a new hybrid MOEA, the niched Pareto tabu search combined with a genetic algorithm (NPTSGA), in which the global search ability of niched Pareto tabu search (NPTS) is improved by the diversification of candidate solutions that arose from the evolving population of nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). The NPTSGA coupled with a flow and transport model is developed for multi-objective optimal design of groundwater remediation systems. The proposed methodology is then applied to a large field-scale groundwater remediation system for cleanup of large trichloroethylene plume at the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Furthermore, a master-slave (MS) parallelization scheme based on the Message Passing Interface is incorporated into the NPTSGA to implement objective function evaluations in a distributed processor environment, which can greatly improve the efficiency of the NPTSGA in finding Pareto-optimal solutions to the real-world applications. This study shows that the MS parallel NPTSGA in comparison with the original NPTS and NSGA-II can balance the tradeoff between the diversity and optimality of solutions during the search process and is an efficient and effective tool for optimizing the multi-objective design of groundwater remediation systems under complicated hydrogeologic conditions.     

Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of precipitates on stream receiving acid mine water, Korea

Seasonal variations of water chemistry occurred in acid mine drainage receiving mine and leachate water. Sulfate and metal concentrations were low in winter but high in spring and summer. Mine waters were highly acidic (up to pH 3.4) in nature with high concentrations of manganese, copper and zinc but high electrical conductivity and sulfate in leachate. The blue and brownish yellow precipitates were formed under different chemical environments of acid mine drainage. Brownish yellow (Munsell color 7.5YR 8/12), blue (Munsell color 2.5B 9/7) and light blue (Munsell color 2.5B 9/3) precipitates deposited on the stream bottom receiving acid mine water. The brownish yellow precipitates formed in the acid mine water, whereas the blue and light blue precipitates formed in the leachate water. The brownish yellow precipitates consisted mainly of ferrihydrite, whereas the blue and light blue precipitates consisted of glaucocerinite and/or woodwardite.