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81.
82.
Simon J. van Donk Xuewen Huang Edward L. Skidmore Alan B. Anderson Dick L. Gebhart Valerie E. Prehoda Elizabeth M. Kellogg 《Journal of Arid Environments》2003,54(4):687-703
Military training activities reduce vegetation cover, disturb crusts, and degrade soil aggregates, making the land more vulnerable to wind erosion. The objective of this study was to quantify wind erosion rates for typical conditions at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, CA, U.S.A. Five Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) sampler stations were installed at each of five sites. Each BSNE station consisted of five BSNE samplers with the lowest sampler at 0·05 m and the highest sampler at 1·0 m above the soil surface. Once a month, sediment was collected from the samplers for analysis. Occurrence of saltating soil aggregates was recorded every hour using Sensits, one at each site. The site with the most erosion had a sediment discharge of 311 kg m−1 over a period of 17 months. Other sites eroded much less because of significant rock cover or the presence of a crust. Hourly sediment discharge was estimated combining hourly Sensit count and monthly sediment discharge measured using BSNE samplers. More simultaneously measured data are needed to better characterize the relationship between these two and reconstruct a detailed time-series of wind erosion. This measured time-series can then be used for comparison with simulation results from process-based wind erosion models such as the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS), once it has been adapted to the unique aspects of military lands. 相似文献
83.
We compare two geophysical survey measurements of the same type made at different times in order to characterize the change in the geological medium during the elapsed time. The aim of this study is to develop a strategy using a full non-linear inversion algorithm as the interpretation tool. In this way, not only the location and the form of the changes are recovered, but also the changes in the material parameters of the geological medium can be estimated. In order to solve this fully non-linear problem, the so-called ‘multiplicative regularized contrast source inversion’ (MR-CSI) method is employed. The unique property of this iterative method is that it does not solve the forward problem at each iterative step. This makes it possible to use the non-linear inversion algorithm for large-scale computation problems. The numerical results show that by taking into account the non-linear nature of the problem, interpretation of the time-lapse data can be significantly improved, compared with that obtained using linear inversion. 相似文献
84.
Use of Geomorphological Information in Indirect Landslide Susceptibility Assessment 总被引:31,自引:6,他引:31
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the importance of geomorphological expert knowledge in the generation of landslide susceptibility maps, using GIS supported indirect bivariate statistical analysis. For a test area in the Alpago region in Italy a dataset was generated at scale 1:5,000. Detailed geomorphological maps were generated, with legends at different levels of complexity. Other factor maps, that were considered relevant for the assessment of landslide susceptibility, were also collected, such as lithology, structural geology, surficial materials, slope classes, land use, distance from streams, roads and houses. The weights of evidence method was used to generate statistically derived weights for all classes of the factor maps. On the basis of these weights, the most relevant maps were selected for the combination into landslide susceptibility maps. Six different combinations of factor maps were evaluated, with varying geomorphological input. Success rates were used to classify the weight maps into three qualitative landslide susceptibility classes. The resulting six maps were compared with a direct susceptibility map, which was made by direct assignment of susceptibility classes in the field. The analysis indicated that the use of detailed geomorphological information in the bivariate statistical analysis raised the overall accuracy of the final susceptibility map considerably. However, even with the use of a detailed geomorphological factor map, the difference with the separately prepared direct susceptibility map is still significant, due to the generalisations that are inherent to the bivariate statistical analysis technique. 相似文献
85.
86.
Establishing relative and absolute time frameworks for the sedimentary, magmatic, tectonic and gold mineralisation events in the Norseman-Wiluna Belt of the Archean Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia, has long been the main aim of research efforts. Recently published constraints on the timing of sedimentation and absolute granite ages have emphasized the shortcomings of the established rationale used for interpreting the timing of deformation events. In this paper the assumptions underlying this rationale are scrutinized, and it is shown that they are the source of significant misinterpretations. A revised time chart for the deformation events of the belt is established. The first shortening phase to affect the belt, D1, was preceded by an extensional event D1e and accompanied by a change from volcanic-dominated to plutonic-dominated magmatism at approximately 2685–2675 Ma. Later extension (D2e) controlled deposition of the ca 2655 Ma Kurrawang Sequence and was followed by D2, a major shortening event, which folded this sequence. D2 must therefore have started after 2655 Ma—at least 20 Ma later than previously thought and after the voluminous 2670–2655 Ma high-Ca granite intrusion. Younger transcurrent deformation, D3–D4, waned at around 2630 Ma, suggesting that the crustal shortening deformation cycle D2–D4 lasted approximately 20–30 Ma, contemporaneous with low-volume 2650–2630 Ma low-Ca granites and alkaline intrusions. Time constraints on gold deposits suggest a late mineralisation event between 2640–2630 Ma. Thus, D2–D4 deformation cycle and late felsic magmatism define a 20–30 Ma long tectonothermal event, which culminated with gold mineralisation. The finding that D2 folding took place after voluminous high-Ca granite intrusion led to research into the role of competent bodies during folding by means of numerical models. Results suggest that buoyancy-driven doming of pre-tectonic competent bodies trigger growth of antiforms, whereas non-buoyant, competent granite bodies trigger growth of synforms. The conspicuous presence of pre-folding granites in the cores of anticlines may be a result from active buoyancy doming during folding. 相似文献
87.
A two-dimensional vertically integrated ice flow model has been developed to test the importance of various processes and
concepts used for the prediction of the contribution of the Greenland ice-sheet to sea-level rise over the next 350 y (short-term
response). The mass balance is modelled by the degree-day method and the energy-balance method. The lithosphere is considered
to respond isostatically to a point load and the time evolution of the bedrock follows from a viscous asthenosphere. According
to the IPCC-IS92a scenario (with constant aerosols after 1990) the Greenland ice-sheet is likely to cause a global sea level
rise of 10.4 cm by 2100 AD. It is shown, however, that the result is sensitive to precise model formulations and that simplifications
as used in the sea-level projection in the IPCC-96 report yield less accurate results. Our model results indicate that, on
a time scale of a hundred years, including the dynamic response of the ice-sheet yields more mass loss than the fixed response
in which changes in geometry are not incorporated. It appears to be important to consider sliding, as well as the fact that
climate sensitivity increases for larger perturbations. Variations in predicted sea-level change on a time scale of hundred
years depend mostly on the initial state of the ice-sheet. On a time scale of a few hundred years, however, the variability
in the predicted melt is dominated by the variability in the climate scenarios.
Received: 21 August 1996/Accepted: 12 May 1997 相似文献
88.
A record of accelerated erosion in the recent sediments of Blelham Tarn in the English Lake district 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. D. van der Post F. Oldfield E. Y. Haworth P. R. J. Crooks P. G. Appleby 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1997,18(2):103-120
Two frozen cores from Blelham Tarn were subsampled and measured using mineral magnetic, loss-on-ignition (LOI), radiometric, granulometric and diatom analyses. A detailed chronology was established using varves, radioisotopes and diatoms. This has enabled an accurately dated reconstruction of sedimentation over the past forty years. Despite a large increase in lake productivity, evidence suggests that the observed exponential increase in sedimentation rates can be attributed to erosion within the catchment. The predominant sediment source has been identified as surface soil. A comparison between the trend of accelerated sedimentation and the record of increased sheep stocking density for the area within which the most of the catchment lies, as well as observations of contemporary surface processes within the catchment, both suggest that much of the recent erosion is a direct response to increased pressure from sheep grazing. 相似文献
89.
An inventory is presented of researches concerning the use of remote sensing for landslide studies and hazard zonation as mainly carried out in the countries belonging to the European Community. An overview is given of the applicability of remote sensing in the following phases of landslide studies:
- 1. (1) Detection and classification of landslides. Special emphasis is given to the types of imagery required at different scales of analysis.
- 2. (2) Monitoring the activity of existing landslides using G.P.S., photogrammetrical techniques and radar interferometry.
- 3. (3) Analysis and prediction in space and time of slope failures. The different factors required in a landslide hazard study are evaluated, and the optimum remote sensing imagery for obtaining each of these factors is indicated.
90.
Johannes Bruining Diederik van Batenburg Larry W. Lake An Ping Yang 《Mathematical Geology》1997,29(6):823-848
Random field generators serve as a tool to model heterogeneous media for applications in hydrocarbon recovery and groundwater
flow. Random fields with a power-law variogram structure, also termed fractional Brownian motion (fBm) fields, are of interest
to study scale dependent heterogeneity effects on one-phase and two-phase flow. We show that such fields generated by the
spectral method and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) have an incorrect variogram structure and variance. To illustrate
this we derive the prefactor of the fBm spectral density function, which is required to generate the fBm fields. We propose
a new method to generate fBm fields that introduces weighting functions into the spectral method. It leads to a flexible and
efficient algorithm. The flexibility permits an optimal choice of summation points (that is points in frequency space at which
the weighting function is calculated) specific for the autocovariance structure of the field. As an illustration of the method,
comparisons between estimated and expected statistics of fields with an exponential variogram and of fBm fields are presented.
For power-law semivariograms, the proposed spectral method with a cylindrical distribution of the summation points gives optimal
results. 相似文献