An Updated Coupled Model for Land-Atmosphere Interaction. Part Ⅱ: Simulations of Biological Processes

In Part Ⅰ, the authors succeeded in coupling the spectral atmospheric model (SAMIL_R42L9) developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (LASG/IAP/CAS) with the land surface model, Atmosphere-Vegetation-Interaction-Model (AVIM) and analyzed the climate basic state and land surface physical fluxes simulated by R42_AVIM. In this Part Ⅱ, we further evaluate the simulated results of the biological processes, including leaf area index (LAI), biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) etc. Results indicate that R42_AVIM can simulate the global distribution of LAI and has good consistency with the monthly mean LAI provided by Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. The simulated biomass corresponds reasonably to the vegetation classifications. In addition, the simulated annual mean NPP has a consistent distribution with the data provided by IGBP and MODIS, and compares well with the work in literature. This land-atmosphere coupled model will offer a new experiment tool for the research on the two-way interaction between climate and biosphere, and the global terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle.     

Understanding the Surface Temperature Cold Bias in CMIP5 AGCMs over the Tibetan Plateau

The temperature biases of 28 CMIP5 AGCMs are evaluated over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) for the period 1979–2005. The results demonstrate that the majority of CMIP5 models underestimate annual and seasonal mean surface 2-m air temperatures(T_(as)) over the TP. In addition, the ensemble of the 28 AGCMs and half of the individual models underestimate annual mean skin temperatures(T_s) over the TP. The cold biases are larger in T_(as) than in T_s, and are larger over the western TP. By decomposing the T_s bias using the surface energy budget equation, we investigate the contributions to the cold surface temperature bias on the TP from various factors, including the surface albedo-induced bias, surface cloud radiative forcing, clear-sky shortwave radiation, clear-sky downward longwave radiation, surface sensible heat flux, latent heat flux,and heat storage. The results show a suite of physically interlinked processes contributing to the cold surface temperature bias.Strong negative surface albedo-induced bias associated with excessive snow cover and the surface heat fluxes are highly anticorrelated, and the cancelling out of these two terms leads to a relatively weak contribution to the cold bias. Smaller surface turbulent fluxes lead to colder lower-tropospheric temperature and lower water vapor content, which in turn cause negative clear-sky downward longwave radiation and cold bias. The results suggest that improvements in the parameterization of the area of snow cover, as well as the boundary layer, and hence surface turbulent fluxes, may help to reduce the cold bias over the TP in the models.     

PV Perspective of Impacts on Downstream Extreme Rainfall Event of a Tibetan Plateau Vortex Collaborating with a Southwest China Vortex

An extreme rainfall event occurred over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze Basin(MLY) during the end of June 2016, which was attributable to a Tibetan Plateau(TP) Vortex(TPV) in conjunction with a Southwest China Vortex(SWCV). The physical mechanism for this event was investigated from Potential Vorticity(PV) and omega perspectives based on MERRA-2 reanalysis data. The cyclogenesis of the TPV over the northwestern TP along with the lowertropospheric SWCV was found to involve a midtropospheric large-scale flow reconfiguration across western and eastern China with the formation of a high-amplitude Rossby wave. Subsequently, the eastward-moving TPV coalesced vertically with the SWCV over the eastern Sichuan Basin due to the positive vertical gradient of the TPV-related PV advection,leading the lower-tropospheric jet associated with moisture transport to intensify greatly and converge over the downstream MLY. The merged TPV-SWCV specially facilitated the upper-tropospheric isentropic-gliding ascending motion over the MLY. With the TPV-embedded mid-tropospheric trough migrating continuously eastward, the almost stagnant SWCV was re-separated from the overlying TPV, forming a more eastward-tilted high-PV configuration to trigger stronger ascending motion including isentropic-gliding, isentropic-displacement, and diabatic heating-related ascending components over the MLY. This led to more intense rainfall. Quantitative PV diagnoses demonstrate that both the coalescence and subsequent re-separation processes of the TPV with the SWCV were largely dominated by horizontal PV advection and PV generation due to vertically nonuniform diabatic heating, as well as the feedback of condensation latent heating on the isentropicdisplacement vertical velocity.     

复杂山地建筑边坡加固治理数值模拟分析

以南京某复杂山地建筑边坡加固工程为例,数值模拟包括多级边坡、多栋山地建筑、基坑的实际工况,通过大量算例计算边坡加固前后在天然、暴雨和地震工况下的稳定情况,研究软弱夹层（滑带）物理力学性质、抗滑桩桩径等主要参数对边坡稳定的影响,并探究加固后的边坡内部土体塑形破坏区分布,得出以下结论： （1）基坑回填后稳定系数明显增加,暴雨工况下改善最为明显,滑带 角越大,稳定系数增长量越大;（2）抗滑桩加固后,3种工况下稳定系数与滑带角前期均呈现正相关增加,随后出现拐点,抗滑桩加固时地震造成的危害不明显,抗滑桩桩径在暴雨工况下是一个决定性参数。（3）桩径较小时,抗滑桩+锚索相较于仅有抗滑桩加固效果非常明显,为桩锚共同加固,桩径较大时,3种工况稳定系数增长接近0,可见大桩径下锚索加固作用弱化,为强桩弱锚。（4）加固后的边坡土体内部塑性破坏区域的分布取决于滑带角,角较小,塑形破坏区域位于滑带中,表现为剪切破坏;角增加至最大值,塑形破坏区域转移至浅层杂填土中,表现为拉伸破坏。     

海洋环流模式对平流方案与分辨率的敏感性

文中将中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室（LASG）发展的准全球海洋环流模式（LICOM）,从水平分辨率、垂直分辨率、平流方案3个方面分别采用不同的方案,进行组合试验,研究这些因素对于海洋环流（特别是热带海洋）的重要影响。8组试验表明,水平分辨率的提高,对于流场的改进有显著作用,能够使流场达到与实际非常接近的强度;调整的垂直分辨率,上层海洋的加密,能够使热带太平洋上层海洋的模拟改进;引入的两步保形平流方案,能够使得热带太平洋海温的模拟有所改进,这种改进的效果在低分辨率的情况下,尤为明显。同时,8组试验也一致地表现出等温线的密集程度比实际情况稀疏,这反映了模式在物理过程,特别是混合过程的描述方面,还有值得改进的地方。     

江汉盆地当阳复向斜当深3井热史恢复及其油气勘探意义

江汉盆地当阳复向斜当深3井实测地温剖面和样品热导率测试结果表明:其现今地温梯度为20～24℃/km,热流值为56mW/m2,体现了盆地发育于扬子稳定陆块的大地构造属性。基于7个磷灰石裂变径迹样品和大量镜质体反射率古温标数据进行的热史恢复表明,盆地构造—热演化经历了前印支期的低热流(50～60mW/m2)和小剥蚀量(50～200m),印支期的高热流(约80mW/m2)及燕山期与喜马拉雅期的低热流(50～60mW/m2)与大剥蚀量(1100～2400m)的不同演化阶段,反映了盆地和区域构造演化过程的阶段性。受沉积剥蚀及盆地构造—热演化的控制,生油岩系的生烃阶段与过程具有多期次的特征。     

一个具有高分辨率海洋分量的海气耦合模式

发展了中国科学院大气物理研究所（IAP）大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式的一个新版本（GOALS-5）,其中海洋分量是基于30层高分辨率的海洋环流模式。对该耦合模式成功地进行了30年的积分,基本上克服了气候飘移。与GOALS较早的几个版本模拟的SST相比,北半球夏季中高纬地区的误差显著改善,可能主要是由于采用了GM90的等密度混合方案使经向热输送增强的结果。对赤道中东太平洋冷暖事件有较好的模拟能力,并且对SST变率的模拟在位置和强度上比旧版本有明显改善。     

全型涡度方程和经典涡度方程比较

在简要回顾经典涡度方程和全型涡度方程推导的基础上,比较了两种涡度方程的异同.集中讨论全型涡度方程新的物理内涵,证明了与稳定度和斜压性变化(锋生、锋消过程)相联系的内部强迫以及与摩擦耗散和非绝热加热相联系的外部强迫所诱发的涡度发展的机制.最后,指出了全型涡度方程的天气和气候应用前景.     

New evidences on the climatic causes of the formation of the spring persistent rains over southeastern China

The spring persistent rains (SPR) over southeastern China (SEC) are a unique synoptic and climatic phenomenon in East Asia. A former study has found that the southwesterly flow which lies on the southeastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is one of the deflected westerly flows of the TP, and it is suggested to be the direct climatic cause of SPR. This study found that the southwesterly flow is also highly correlated with the sensible heating of the southeastern TP in interannual variability, in addition to having a high correlation in seasonal variability. These facts suggest that the thermal forcing of the TP is another important climatic cause of SPR. Numerical sensitivity experiments further prove that the mechanical and thermal forcings of the TP are the climatic causes of the formation of the SPR. On the other hand, the Nanling Mountains and Wuyi Mountains (NWM) over southeastern China not only increase the SPR precipitation amount evidently, but also make the SPR rain belt move to the south by blocking the strong southwesterly flow.