Wild Barley, Hordeum spontaneum, a Genetic Resource for Crop Improvement in Cold and Arid Regions

Food security in cold and arid regions in the world is threatened by stressful and unpredictable environments.The sus-tainable and economically viable solution for increasing stability of food productivity in cold and arid regions is genetic improvement of crops towards high resistance to abiotic stresses,mainly cold and drought resistance.It is often empha-sized that crop genetic improvement lies in exploiting the gene pools of the wild relatives of the crop plant.Wild barley,H.spontaneum,the progenitor of cultivated barley,is a selfing annual grass of predominantly Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian distribution that penetrates into desert environments where it maintains stable populations.Wild barley is also found in cold regions,such as in Tibet.The adaptation of wild barley to the arid region in Israel and Jordan,and the cold region in Tibet has accumulated rich genetic diversities for drought,salt,and cold resistances in wild barley,which is the genetic resource for barley and other crop improvement in arid and cold regions.These genetic diversities are revealed by allozymes,DNA-based molecular markers,and morphological and physiological traits of wild barley plants.Quantita-tive trait loci(QTLs) related to drought resistance were identified in wild barley via the QTL mapping approach.Drought resistance genes such as dehydrins,hsdr4,and eibi1 were identified in wild barley based on the candidate gene approach,gene differential expression approach,and molecular genetic approach,respectively.Genetics and genomics of wild bar-ley cold resistance have not been exploited yet,remaining a huge treasure for future crop improvement of cold resistance.Advanced backcross QTL analysis,the introgression libraries based on wild barley as donors,a QTL approach based on wide crosses using wild barley,and positional cloning of natural QTLs will play prevailing roles to help us understand the molecular control of cold and drought tolerance.Integration of QTL information into a breeding pipeline aimed at im-proving tolerance t     

欧亚地形对不同季节大气环流影响的数值模拟研究

利用气候模式F-GOALS的大气谱分量SAMIL,设计了有、无欧亚地形的对比试验。通过分析其高度差异、流场差异、降水差异和温度差异得到欧亚地形对不同季节大气环流影响的特征。结果表明,欧亚地形对大气环流和气候的影响随季节变化而变化,基本可分为冬季型(11月~次年4月),夏季型(6~9月)及转化型(5月,10月),在中高纬高低层呈相当正压结构。冬季型高度差异以35°N和100°E为界,在北面呈西高东低,南面呈西低东高。夏季型在西太平洋地区为北高南低,在大陆上空为上正下负。850 hPa流场差异场的冬季型在西太平洋北/南部为气旋式/反气旋式环流,在大陆上以“青藏高原(TP)偶极流型”为主要特征;夏季的副热带以环绕青藏高原的气旋性环流和西太平洋的反气旋环流为主要特征。地形强迫的冬半年“TP偶极型”加强了冬季西伯利亚冷空气活动,形成了江南的春雨和华南的早汛期降水。地形强迫的夏季流型形成了孟加拉湾-青藏高原中东部的强降水差异,使东亚降水向北伸展,并引起亚洲降水分布的调整。     

Plane-strain consolidation theory with distributed drainage boundary

Acta Geotechnica - In practice, the full arrangement of sand blankets overlying soft clays could result in an uneconomic design for soft soil treatment using the surcharge preloading method. In...     

涡旋发展和移动的动力和热力问题Ⅰ:PV-Q观点

基于从三维埃尔特尔位涡（PV_e）方程推导出的垂直涡度的拉格朗日变化方程,从位涡和非绝热加热（PV-Q）的观点研究涡旋的发展和移动,阐明了涡旋中非均匀的非绝热加热在垂直和水平方向的非对称分布对涡旋发展和移动的影响。应用得到的理论结果分析了2008年7月下旬一次青藏高原低涡的发展和移动过程,该低涡形成于青藏高原中西部,东移滑山青藏高原然后继续东移,给四川盆地和长江中下游带来强降水。低涡的垂直涡度发展可分解成由非绝热加热、位涡水平分量（PV₂）和静力稳定度（θ_z）变化引起的3个部分。结果表明,在大多数情形下,非绝热加热对垂直涡度发展起着主导作用;其次是位涡水平分量（PV₂）变化的作用;当稳定大气变得更稳定时θ_z变化起负作用,当大气趋向中性层结时θ_z变化则起正作用。2008年7月22日06—12时（世界时）,当青藏高原低涡沿着四川盆地东北边的斜坡爬升时,低涡加强主要是由位于涡旋东边的强降水凝结潜热加热引起的。非绝热加热的垂直梯度在非绝热加热的最大中心的下（上）层产生正（负）PV_c制造,正的PV_e制造不仅加强低层涡旋的发展,而且,增强涡旋的垂直范围。非绝热加热的水平梯度对位涡变化的影响取决于加热中心处的水平风的垂直切变,其在该水平风的垂直切变的右（左）边产生了正（负）的PV_e制造。水平风的垂直切变的右边的正PV_e制造不仅加强了该处的垂直涡度,而且,影响着低涡的移动方向。这些诊断结果证实了PV-Q观点的理论结果。     

Air–sea interaction and formation of the Asian summer monsoon onset vortex over the Bay of Bengal

In spring over the southern Bay of Bengal (BOB), a vortex commonly develops, followed by the Asian summer monsoon onset. An analysis of relevant data and a case study reveals that the BOB monsoon onset vortex is formed as a consequence of air–sea interaction over BOB, which is modulated by Tibetan Plateau forcing and the land–sea thermal contrast over the South Asian area during the spring season. Tibetan Plateau forcing in spring generates a prevailing cold northwesterly over India in the lower troposphere. Strong surface sensible heating is then released, forming a prominent surface cyclone with a strong southwesterly along the coastal ocean in northwestern BOB. This southwesterly induces a local offshore current and upwelling, resulting in cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The southwesterly, together with the near-equatorial westerly, also results in a surface anticyclone with descending air over most of BOB and a cyclone with ascending air over the southern part of BOB. In the eastern part of central BOB, where sky is clear, surface wind is weak, and ocean mixed layer is shallow, intense solar radiation and low energy loss due to weak surface latent and sensible heat fluxes act onto a thin ocean layer, resulting in the development of a unique BOB warm pool in spring. Near the surface, water vapor is transferred from northern BOB and other regions to southeastern BOB, where surface sensible heating is relatively high. The atmospheric available potential energy is generated and converted to kinetic energy, thereby resulting in vortex formation. The vortex then intensifies and moves northward, where SST is higher and surface sensible heating is stronger. Meanwhile, the zonal-mean kinetic energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy in the area east of the vortex, and the vortex turns eastward. Eventually, southwesterly sweeps over eastern BOB and merges with the subtropical westerly, leading to the onset of the Asian summer monsoon.     

用于GCM耦合的积雪模型的设计

文中描述一个一维的积雪分层模型,目的是要刻划雪盖随季节的变化,与其下冻土变动模型一起,构成完整的雪盖模型。为了保持一定精度,并能用于大气环模式（ＧＣＭ）研究,模型对积雪内部热量及质量输送过程的描述精细程度及计算时分层多少均有所考虑。模型中,改用内能代替温度作为预报量,克服了相变时直接预报温度时造成的计算误差,有效地预报了相变过程。对于积雪密度的变化,考虑了雪花形态的破坏而引起的密度变化及由于压实过程而引起的密度变化。并对各分层自重产生压实过程推导了相应的公式,在模型中对雪盖的光学特性、热力学特性及水流流动特性参数化方案设计也进行了分析。本简化模型的模拟结果与精细积雪模型的比较,具有几乎同等的精度,与俄罗斯的Ｙｅｒ－ｓｈｏｖ站实测数据相比,吻合十分理想。     

谱模式中负地形的处理与东亚副热带气候的模拟

谱模式中负地形对气候模拟有严重干扰。本文重新处理IAP/LASG GOALS模式地形及海陆分布,通过对比新旧地形强迫下数值试验的结果,揭示了原有GOALS/LASG气候模式对西太平洋副高模拟中存在的系统偏差与（30oN,120oE）长江口附近的负地形及纬向地形谷有关。与NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CMAP综合分析资料比较表明,新的地形方案减弱了负地形效应,使东亚气候,如夏季西太平洋副热带高压及夏季降水的模拟得到明显改善。     

Editorial Statement

At the request of Dr. Hideharu AKIYOSHI of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) of Japan and with the apology of Dr. ZHOU Libo for his misconduct, we hereby announce that the paper of "Middle-High Latitude N2O Distributions Related to the Arctic Vortex Breakup", authored by ZHOU Libo, ZOU Han, and GAO Yongqi, be retracted from Volume 23, No. 2, March 2006 of Advances in Atmospheric Sciences (AAS) on page number 215-223. This paper will not be considered as a published paper in AAS, and it will not appear in any future reference or record. In fact, this paper should not have been submitted for consideration for publication in AAS, because it was based on the scientific ideas and research previously     

GB《国家基本比例尺地图编绘规范》第2部分和第3部分有关问题的说明

利用已有的地形数据缩小编绘成较小比例尺地图的成图方法已成为当前地图制图的主要作业方法。因此制定国家标准《国家基本比例尺地图编绘规范》时,在编绘的作业方法与技术规定等方面,改变了传统的地形图缩编工艺,进行了适应数字地形图缩编要求的变动,同时根据有关的比例尺地图图式的规定对地物要素的综合指标进行了相应的调整。