The influence of the intermediate principal stress on rock failure behaviour: A numerical study

The influence of the intermediate principal stress on rock strength has been studied comprehensively by previous researchers. However, the reason why rock strength firstly increases and subsequently decreases with the increase of intermediate principal stress is still unclear. In this paper, the mechanism of the intermediate principal stress effect on rock failure behaviour is revealed through a numerical method using the EPCA3D system (Elasto-Plastic Cellular Automaton). In this study, both homogeneous and heterogeneous rocks are considered. The heterogeneity of a rock specimen is modelled by introducing Weibull's statistical distribution. Two criteria, i.e. the Drucker–Prager and Mohr–Coulomb models, are used to determine whether a meso-scopic element in the rock specimen is in a failure state or not during the polyaxial stress loading process. The EPCA3D simulation reproduces the typical phenomenon of the intermediate principal stress effect that occurs in some rock experiments. By studying the EPCA3D simulated acoustic emission and complete stress–strain curves illustrating failure initiation, propagation and coalescence in the failure process of rocks, the essence of the intermediate principal stress effect is tracked. It is concluded that the heterogeneous stress distribution induced by the natural heterogeneity of rocks and the effect of the loading platen are two of the reasons producing the intermediate stress effect. Studies indicate that a moderate intermediate principal stress delays the onset of local failure, which in turn leads to an increase in the rock strength. However, once the intermediate principal stress reaches a certain value, local failure will be formed through the application of the intermediate principal stress. It is the number of failed elements in the pre-peak region that determines whether the rock strength decreases or not. The extent of rock strength reduction when the intermediate principal stress reaches a certain value is lessened with the increase in the minimum principal stress.     

采场覆岩裂隙发育及高位钻孔优化设计——以祁南煤矿34_下2工作面为例

为了有效地提高高位钻孔的瓦斯抽采效果,采用数值模拟方法分析了祁南矿34下2工作面开采过程中覆岩的裂隙发育规律和离层率变化规律。判定了煤层上覆岩层冒落带和裂隙带分布范围;确定了钻孔法距参数的最佳范围为距32煤层顶板12~22 m的岩层区域。研究成果可为其他工作面高位钻孔的优化设计提供参考。     

Phase transitions and proton ordering in hemimorphite: new insights from single-crystal EPR experiments and DFT calculations

Single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of gamma-ray-irradiated hemimorphite (Mapimi, Durango, Mexico) after storage at room temperature for 3 months, measured from 4 to 275 K, reveal a hydroperoxy radical HO₂ derived from the water molecule in the channel. The EPR spectra of the HO₂ radical confirm that hemimorphite undergoes two reversible phase transitions at ~98 and ~21 K and allow determinations of its spin Hamiltonian parameters, including superhyperfine coupling constants of two more-distant protons from the neighboring hydroxyl groups, at 110, 85, 40 and 7 K. These EPR results show that the HO₂ radical changes in site symmetry from monoclinic to triclinic related to the ordering and rotation of its precursor water molecule in the channel at <98 K. The monoclinic structure of hemimorphite with completely ordered O–H systems at low temperature has been evaluated by both the EPR spectra of the HO₂ radical at <21 K and periodic density functional theory calculations.     

克拉玛依无人值守地震监测站远程网络监控系统的实现

为解决克拉玛依无人值守地震监测站点的设备维护及场地巡视等难题,在不改变台站现有网络环境的前提下,使用网络摄像机和配套的监控软件等设备,通过合理配置实现了无人值守地震监测站点的远程网络视频监控,并在红浅监测站进行了实际验证,效果比较满意。该系统的实现,提高了克拉玛依台对无人值守站点的管控能力,对其他台站也有一定的借鉴意义。     

Research on seismic survey design for doubly complex areas

The complex geological conditions in doubly complex areas tend to result in difficult surface survey operations and poor target layer imaging in the subsurface which has a great impact on seismic data quality. In this paper, we propose an optimal crooked line survey method for decreasing the surface survey operational difficulties and improving the sub-layer event continuity. The method concentrates on the surface shooting conditions, first, selecting the proper shot positions based on the specific surface topographic features to reduce the shot difficulties and then optimizing the receiver positioning to meet the prerequisite that the subsurface reflection points remain in a straight line. Using this method cannot only lower the shooting difficulty of rough surface condition areas but also overcome the subsurface reflection point bending problem appearing in the traditional crooked line survey method. On the other hand, we use local infill shooting rather than conventional overall infill shooting to improve sublayer event continuity and uniformity with lower survey operation cost. A model has been calculated and processed with the proposed optimal crooked line survey and local infill shooting design method workflow and the results show that this new method can work for seismic surveys in double complex areas.     

Variability features of the width of the tropical belt from COSMIC radio occultation data

In this work, we analyzed time-series and trends of the tropical belt edges and widths with three methods based on the tropopause using new global positioning system radio occultation(GPS RO) data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate(COSMIC) mission for September 2006–February 2014. The results from the three methods agreed well with previous studies and new features were found. To avoid the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation(QBO) influence, we applied a simple multiple linear regression model to the monthly anomalies to obtain the tropical belt edges and width trends. During the study, we found equatorward movements of the tropical belt edges on both hemispheres. The narrowing of the tropical belt mainly occurred in the Pacific Ocean. We also found that the deseasonalized monthly anomalies of the tropical belt width were closely related with the ENSO and QBO. The tropical belt at a height of 15 km was mostly closely related with the ENSO. The correlations between the QBO and the tropical belt were consistent for the three methods.     

pH值对大菱鲆生长及鱼体生化组成的影响

研究不同pH对大菱鲆（Scophthal musximus）幼鱼生长及一般生化组成的影响。结果发现：不同时间段内,饲料利用率（FCR）总是随环境pH升高而呈上升趋势,特定生长率（SGR）及增重率（WGR）随环境DH升高而呈下降趋势。在不同时间段,pH83与pH88组的FCR均高于其他组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,而SGR、WGR均低于其他组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。各组间鱼体水分差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;脂肪含量总体呈下降趋势,pH63组的脂肪含量高于其他组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,pH6．8至7．3之间时差异不具统计学意义（P〉0.05）,pH78至8．8时降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;蛋白含量在pH6．3至7．3之间时差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,pH7．8至88时降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;灰分含量在DH6．3至7．3之间时差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,pH7．8至88时升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结果表明,水环境pH在6．3～7．3范围内有利于大菱鲆幼鱼的健康生长。     

DWT Power Spectrum of the Two-Degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey

The power spectrum of the two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) sample is estimated with the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) method. The DWT power spectra within 0.035 < k < 2.2 h Mpc-1 are measured for three volume-limited samples de-fined in consecutive absolute magnitude bins -19 ～-18, -20～ -19 and -21～-20. We show that the DWT power spectrum can effectively distinguish ACDM models of σs = 0.84 and σ8 = 0.74. We adopt maximum likelihood method to perform three-parameter fitting of the bias parameter b, pairwise velocity dispersion σpv and redshift distortion parame-ter β = Ω0.6m/b to the measured DWT power spectrum. The fitting results state that in a σ8= 0.84 universe the best-fit values of σm given by the three samples are mutually consis-tent within the range 0.28 ～ 0.36, and the best fitted values of σpv are 398 35-27475 37-29 and 550 ± 20km s-1 for the three samples, respectively. In the model of σ8 = 0.74, our three samples give very different values of Ωm. We repeated the fitting using the empirical formula of redshift distortion. The result of the model of low σ8 is still poor, especially, one of the best-fit values of σpv is as large as 103 km s-1. We also repeated our fitting by incorporating a scale-dependent galaxy bias. This gave a slightly lower value of Ωm. Differences between the models of σ8 = 0.84 and σ8 = 0.74 still exist in the fitting results. The power spectrum of 2dFGRS seems to disfavor models with low amplitude of density fluctuations if the bias parameter is assumed to be scale independent. For the fitting value of Ωm to be consistent with that given by WMAP3, strong scale dependence of the bias parameters is needed.     

Non‐structure‐specific intensity measure parameters and characteristic period of near‐fault ground motions

This paper focuses on the effects of long‐period pulse of near‐fault ground motions on the structural damage potential. Two sets of near‐fault ground motion records from Chi‐Chi, Taiwan earthquake and Northridge earthquake with and without distinct pulse are selected as the input, and the correlation analysis between 30 non‐structure‐specific intensity measure parameters and maximum inelastic displacements and energy responses (input energy and hysteretic energy) of bilinear single degree of freedom systems are conducted. Based on the frequency characteristic of near‐fault ground motions with remarkable long‐period components, two intensity indices are proposed, namely, the improved effective peak acceleration (IEPA) and improved effective peak velocity (IEPV). In addition a new characteristic period of these ground motions is defined based on IEPA and IEPV. Numerical results illustrate that the intensity measure parameters related to ground acceleration present the best correlation with the seismic responses for rigid systems; the velocity‐related and displacement‐related parameters are better for medium‐frequency systems and flexible systems, respectively. The correlation curves of near‐fault ground motions with velocity pulse differ from those of ground motions without pulse. Moreover, the improved parameters IEPA and IEPV of near‐fault impulsive ground motions enhance the performance of intensity measure of corresponding conventional parameters, i.e. EPA and EPV. The new characteristic period based on IEPA and IEPV can better reflect the frequency content of near‐fault ground motions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Crustal velocity structures and their tectonic implications in different tectonic block regions of the Chinese mainland

In this paper,the typical velocity structures and average velocities of the crust in six different active tectonic block regions are presented on the basis of previous studies and their tectonic implications are discussed. The results show that different tectonic units have different features of crustal velocity structures. In general,there are low velocity distributions in the crust in regions with strong tectonic activities,and the scales of low velocity distributions are related to the tectonic activitie...