Late-Quaternary Slip Rate and Seismic Activity of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone in Southwest China

The Xianshuihe fault zone is a seismo-genetic fault zone of left-lateral slip in Southwest China. Since 1725, a total of 59 Ms ≥ 5.0 earthquakes have occurred along this fault zone, including 18 Ms 6.0–6.9 and eight Ms ≥ 7.0 earthquakes. The seismic risk of the Xianshuihe fault zone is a large and realistic threat to the western Sichuan economic corridor. Based on previous studies, we carried out field geological survey and remote sensing interpretation in the fault zone. In addition, geophysical surveys, trenching and age-dating were conducted in the key parts to better understand the geometry, spatial distribution and activity of the fault zone. We infer to divide the fault zone into two parts: the northwest part and the southeast part, with total eight segments. Their Late Quaternary slip rates vary in a range of 11.5 mm/a –(3±1) mm/a. The seismic activities of the Xianshuihe fault zone are frequent and strong, periodical, and reoccurred. Combining the spatial and temporal distribution of the historical earthquakes, the seismic hazard of the Xianshuihe fault zone has been predicted by using the relationship between magnitude and frequency of earthquakes caused by different fault segments. The prediction results show that the segment between Daofu and Qianning has a possibility of Ms ≥ 7.0 earthquakes, while the segment between Shimian and Luding is likely to have earthquakes of about Ms 7.0. It is suggested to establish a GPS or In SAR-based real-time monitoring network of surface displacement to cover the Xianshuihe fault zone, and an early warning system of earthquakes and post seismic geohazards to cover the major residential areas.     

The Extremely Hot and Dry Climatic Events and Potash Enrichment in Salt Lakes of the Jiangling Depression,Jianghan Basin

正Objective A total of 820 million tons of potash reserves are predicted to exist in the Palaeocene–Eocene of the Jianghan Basin.However,the basin history is still unclear concerning the potash enriching conditions and mechanism.The Well SKD1 is the first exploration well drilled in the Paleogene of Jianghan Basin with continuous coring,which was implemented in the south-central     

Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of Overpressure in the Depressions of Bohai Bay Basin, China

The distribution and genetic mechanisms of abnormal pressures in the Bohai Bay Basin were systematically analyzed. Abnormal pressures are widely developed in the Bohai Bay Basin, primarily in the Paleogene E2s4, E2s3, Es1, and Ed formations. From the onshore area of the Bohai Bay Basin to the center of the Bozhong area, the top depth of the overpressured zone in each depression increases gradually, the overpressured strata in each depression gradually move to younger formations, and the pressure structure successively alters from single-bottom- overpressure to double-bottom-overpressure and finally to double-top-overpressure. The distribution of overpressured area is consistent with the sedimentary migration controlled by the tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin, which is closely related to the hydrocarbon-generation capability of active source rocks. The overpressured strata are consistent with the source-rock intervals in each depression; the top of the overpressured zone is synchronous with the hydrocarbon generation threshold in each depression; the hydrocarbon generation capability is positively correlated with the overpressure magnitude in each formation. Undercompaction was the main mechanism of overpressure for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients less than 1.2, whereas hydrocarbon generation was the main mechanism for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients greater than 1.5.     

天津市地热资源开发利用特征及存在问题分析

天津地区的地热地质条件良好,蕴藏着丰富的地热资源。在地热资源的开发利用过程中,每年可产生可观的经济、社会和环境效益,但由于开发方式的不尽合理,带来诸多问题。文章阐述了天津开发利用地热资源的特征,分析了存在的问题。认为不同热储层间水力联系的存在和地热井间距的过小,造成开采层间相互影响较大;地热井布局不合理、开采层位相对集中、回灌程度不高导致局部热储层压力大幅度下降,持续的大幅度压力下降将引发吊泵和地面沉降;超标准排放地热尾水会造成资源浪费和热污染;采、灌井间距的过小和相对位置的不合理,存在冷突破风险。针对不同问题,给出了针对性解决问题的建议。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定水系沉积物中的铌钽锆铪

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定水系沉积物中铌、钽、锆、铪四种元素的分析方法。将样品与氢氧化钠、过氧化钠混合物放入高温炉中,熔融分解完全,用热水提取,过滤后弃去滤液,将滤纸及沉淀用酒石酸-盐酸溶液溶解,稀释至刻度测定。方法检出限(3s)为:LD(Nb)=0.08μg/g,LD(Ta)=0.04μg/g,LD(Zr)=0.5μg/g,LD(Hf)=0.04μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=6)为:0.84%~4.21%。该测定方法具有灵敏度高、精密度好、分析速度快、线性范围宽、操作性强等优势。采用该方法对国家一级标准物质进行测定表明,其结果与标准值吻合。此方法已在实际地质调查样品分析中得到应用。     

不同近岸河床组成情况下岸坡崩塌试验

在弯道水槽中开展6组试验,分别用非黏性土及黏性土填筑河床,研究相同水力作用下近岸河床组成对黏性岸坡崩塌的影响规律。研究发现,在试验给定的岸坡及河床组成情况下,非黏性河床凹冲凸淤且总体表现为淤积,近岸河床及凹岸岸坡冲刷强度大,凸岸附近床面上泥沙掺混较明显;黏性河床及凹岸岸坡均被冲刷,河床主流区冲刷强度比近岸河床及凹岸岸坡大。相较于黏性河床,非黏性河床近凹岸处较易冲刷,水流结构重新调整,凹岸坡脚处水流流速及紊动能可增至2倍左右,环流强度可增至11倍,加速了岸坡崩塌及崩塌体的分解输移;非黏性河床近凹岸坡脚处变形以及凹岸岸坡崩塌量均相对较大,岸坡崩塌强度为河床淤积强度的2~4倍,崩塌物质可充分补给河床的泥沙来源;经水力冲刷后非黏性河床组成情况下形成的河道滩槽高差相对较小,河道横断面相对宽浅。     

甘肃省中心实验室的建设及其发展现状

地质实验测试是"地质找矿的眼睛",甘肃省中心实验室是地质实验测试行业的重要一员,成立于1942年,至今已有70多年的发展历史。解放前是西北的重要化工策源地,1952年划归地质部,为白银厂铜矿的开发承担了大量分析测试工作。甘肃省地矿局建局后,陆续增设了岩矿鉴定、光谱分析、选矿试验、物性测试等专业,发展成了一家综合性地质实验测试机构。建立了国内规模最大的火试金实验室及贵金属富集方法;承担了镜铁山铁矿、金川铜镍矿等矿山元素赋存状态研究及选矿试验工艺研究;参与编写了地质实验测试专业教科书《岩石矿物分析》第1版至第4版[1],编写了《非金属矿物化性能测试规程》[2]及《岩石物理力学性质试点规程》[3]等专业书籍;作为主要单位参加了1∶20万化探扫面测试方法的制定及样品测试工作;参与了岩石、土壤、水系沉积物及超基性岩、铬铁矿、非金属矿标准物质研制工作;协助西北地区其他单位实验室的组建并培养了大量分析人员。在属地化后,检测能力得到突飞猛进的发展,检测人员积极开展方法创新,利用XRF、ICP-MS、ICP-AES等大型设备代替了部分传统方法或化学分析方法,提高了检测效率和准确度;建立了"甘肃省金属贵金属矿产资源勘查与综合利用工程技术研究中心",为科研立项和矿物综合利用奠定了基础。     

基于峰值因子最大化的鬼波压制方法

针对传统拖缆采集得到的海上地震资料受鬼波影响而导致频带宽度变窄,笔者提出一种去鬼波方法,可以压制鬼波效应,拓宽频带。首先在频率-空间域推导出镜像数据生成公式,并基于峰值因子最大化的参数搜索方法来估计最优的鬼波延迟时间,将最优的鬼波延迟时代入镜像记录生成公式,获得最优的镜像记录,利用联合反褶积算法得到最优的去鬼波结果。将本文中的方法应用于模拟的变深度采集数据和海上实测的变深度采集数据,证实该方法可以有效地压制鬼波,消除频谱中的陷波点,得到宽频数据。     

新疆伊宁县塔吾尔别克金矿床流体包裹体特征研究及矿床成因

塔吾尔别克金矿床是西天山吐拉苏断陷盆地中一个重要的金矿床。矿体主要赋存于早石炭世二长斑岩及大哈拉军组第五岩性段安山岩、蚀变凝灰岩中,受断裂构造控制,矿床围岩蚀变作用普遍而强烈。矿石金属矿物主要为黄铁矿、自然金、赤铁矿和黄铜矿等,非金属矿物主要为石英、斜长石、方解石等。成矿过程大致划分为3个成矿阶段:1石英-黄铁矿阶段;2石英-硫化物脉阶段;3石英-碳酸盐阶段。石英及方解石中流体包裹体类型简单,主要为气液两相水包裹体和纯液相水包裹体。包裹体测试均一温度为100~196℃,流体盐度为0.0%~7.3%(质量分数,NaCl_(eq)),流体密度为0.9~1.0 g/cm~3,计算出成矿压力为5.2~81.9 MPa,对应成矿深度为0.5~7.4 km。塔吾尔别克金矿床成矿流体包裹体显示低温度、低盐度和较低密度的流体特征,表明成矿压力小和深度较浅。结合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体特征及前人研究成果,初步认为该矿床为浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

辽中凹陷反转构造及其对郯庐断裂带走滑活动的响应

辽中凹陷发育多种样式的反转构造,其形成演化与郯庐断裂带辽东湾段新生代的脉动式活动有直接关系。通过最新的地震剖面、相干体切片等资料以及平衡剖面恢复等方法,对辽中凹陷反转构造的几何学形态、演化过程和反转期次进行研究,并结合区域板块活动背景,分析反转构造演化过程及其对郯庐断裂带新生代活动的响应。结果表明:辽中凹陷发育反转断裂、反转背斜、泥底辟、隐伏凸起等多种类型的反转构造,且沿郯庐断裂带呈带状展布。辽中凹陷在新生代主要曾经历了三期构造反转,分别发生在沙三段沉积末期、东营组沉积末期和明化镇组沉积末期。三期构造反转均与郯庐断裂带的走滑压扭活动有关,从根本上受控于周边板块活动背景的变化:第一期反转是由于太平洋板块俯冲方向和速率发生变化,导致郯庐断裂带由左旋走滑转为右旋走滑,由走滑张扭转为走滑压扭,形成反转构造的雏形;第二期反转的动力主要来源于太平洋板块对中国大陆向西的推挤作用,导致渤海湾地区受到整体挤压以及郯庐断裂带发生走滑压扭,使反转构造定型;第三期反转是由于太平洋板块的加速俯冲促使郯庐断裂带晚期再次发生走滑压扭活动,对早期反转构造进行改造。其中沙三段和明化镇组沉积末期的反转为局部反转,强度较弱,东营组沉积末期的反转为区域反转,强度最高。