The hydroxyl (O(4)) site composition of biotite can in principle be used to retrieve information about fluid composition during fluid–rock interaction; however, due to low F and Cl content, as well as difficulties involved with analyzing the H
2O content using in situ techniques, measuring these species in biotite has remained an elusive goal. Here we present high-precision secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) OH–F–Cl measurements from biotite within metapelites from the Western Adamello Tonalite (WAT) contact aureole, Northern Italy. Fluorine, chlorine and hydrogen are analyzed on the SIMS sequentially by peak-hopping at the same biotite spot; H
2O, F and Cl content were measured with a precision (1
σ) οφ 0.06 ωτ%, 50 ανδ 5 ππµ, ρεσπεχτι?ελψ. The compositions of isolated biotite crystals in andalusite are compared with that of biotite in the matrix, documenting that halogens and H
2O behave refractory in biotite during the time scale of contact metamorphism. The H
2O and halogen contents of biotite are mostly locked in during the prograde to peak formation of biotite, and are not reset during further heating or cooling, unless significant biotite recrystallization occurs. It also appears that both Ti content and
XMg of the biotite from the Western Adamello contact aureole were not significantly reset during cooling. The concentration of
F and Cl does not vary systematically with metamorphic grade, which indicates that these species reflect initial compositions. No significant Rayleigh fractionation behavior was observed for these elements. H
2O variations in the biotite from samples throughout the Western Adamello contact aureole suggest that Al-oxy substitution partially controls the variations in OH content through charge balance of the type
R2+,VI + OH
? = Al
3+,VI + O
2? + H
2, while the Ti-oxy substitution does not seem to influence the O(4) site occupation. The main titanium substitution appears to be the Ti-vacancy (
\({\text{2}}{{\text{R}}^{{\text{2}}+}}~=~{\text{T}}{{\text{i}}^{{\text{4}}+}}~+\,{\square ^{{\text{VI}}}}\)) exchange. Variations in H
2O and halogen concentrations in biotite define sub mm-scale areas of localized equilibration, even for biotite recrystallized during dehydration reactions that produced large amounts of fluid (chlorite or muscovite breakdown). Similar systematics were observed for Ti
4+ and Al
3+. These findings further support the increasing number of observations that kinetics control much of the mineralogical reactions occurring in contact aureoles, and hence care is advised in using equilibrium thermodynamics in this environment.
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