Building GIS web services on JXTA network

In recent years, Web services and Peer-to-Peer (or simply P2P) appear as two of the hottest research topics in network computing. On the one hand, by adopting a decentralized, network-based style, P2P technologies can make P2P systems enhance overall reliability and fault-tolerance, increase autonomy, and enable ad-hoc communication and collaboration. On the other hand, Web services provides a good approach to integrate various heterogeneous systems and applications into a cooperative environment. This paper presents the techniques of combining Web services and P2P technologies into GIS to construct a new generation of GIS, which is more flexible and cooperative. As a case study, an ongoing project JGWS is introduced, which is an experimental GIS Web services platform built on JXTA. This paper also explores the schemes of building GIS Web services in a P2P environment.     

Remains of trilobites and other species discovered in a volcanic ash bed of the end-Permian,Yangtze craton,South China

The remains of trilobites and other species were unexpectedly discovered in a volcanic ash layer beneath the Permian–Triassic Boundary (PTB). Based on a biostratigraphic investigation of the Zhongliangshan section in Chongqing, South China, the quantity of the species gradually decreased with subsequent volcanism. This finding provides an opportunity to further understand the disappearance of trilobites and the evolution of the mass extinction event. The temporal coincidence between the volcanic eruption event and the loss of trilobites and other species supports the idea of a cause-and-effect relationship. The species remains in the ash bed appeared before the disappearance of Clarkina yini and the climax of the negative carbon isotope excursion, which implies that the onset of the mass extinction occurred at the end-Permian. The explosive volcanic events caused massive releases of CO₂, toxic gases and volcanic ash and resulted in loss of habitat for certain species in the Tethys domain. This phenomenon may have led to the abrupt death of trilobites and the catastrophic collapse of biodiversity.     

黑龙江河口林场锡多金属矿床地质特征及矿床成因

黑龙江河口林场锡多金属矿床位于我国东部大陆边缘完达山陆缘增生带内,锆石ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果显示该矿床的成矿母岩体花岗斑岩形成于121.4±0.5 Ma,属早白垩世晚期,成矿时间略晚于此。地球化学测试结果显示,河口林场花岗斑岩SiO_2含量较高,为61.21%~73.81%,K_2O含量较高,为3.74%~4.61%,Na_2O为0.06%~0.20%,属高钾钙碱性系列的A型花岗岩,形成于伸展背景下。(La/Yb)N-Yb、K/Rb-Rb等微量元素比值图解显示矿体的形成与壳-幔岩浆的混合作用有关。中生代晚期(130~120 Ma)我国东部进入地壳伸展减薄的高峰期,古太平洋板块的持续西向俯冲使区内岩石圈不断增厚发生拆沉,软流圈地幔直接加热下地壳使其部分熔融导致壳幔混合作用的发生,形成的岩浆携带大量成矿物质沿伸展作用形成的空间上侵,并于运移过程中不断萃取沿途围岩中的有用组分,随后就位于三叠纪地层内,岩浆演化晚期,Sn、W等金属元素随流体不断聚集在岩浆房顶部及构造薄弱处,随着温度、压力等物化条件的改变,最终沉淀于岩体与地层的内外接触带成矿。本次研究确定了该矿床为区内发现的首例斑岩型锡多金属矿,与东侧俄罗斯境内的锡霍特-阿林锡多金属成矿省具有良好的亲缘性,为该成矿省在我国境内的延伸部分,其发现为我国东北地区锡矿的探寻工作提供了新的思路。     

基于GF-1卫星遥感影像的海岸线生态化监测与评价研究——以营口市为例

海岸线是海洋与陆地的分界线,也是重要的生态交错线。本文采用GF-1卫星遥感影像,通过监测大潮高潮时刻和小潮低潮时刻海岸水陆边界线,构建了潮间带完整性系数,以此为依据将海岸线划分为自然海岸线、具有基本生态功能的人工海岸线、具有部分生态功能的人工海岸线、具有有限生态功能的人工海岸线、具有少量生态功能的人工海岸线和无生态功能的人工海岸线。在此基础上,结合潮间带完整性系数及其毗邻海岸线长度,构建了海岸线生态化指数,用以评价区域海岸线的生态化程度。营口市海岸线以无生态功能的人工海岸线、自然海岸线和具有少量生态功能的人工海岸线为主,分别占到海岸线总长度的45.74%、18.31%和15.53%。营口市总体海岸线生态化指数为0.29,其中西城区、老边区、盖州北、鲅鱼圈区和盖州南分别为0.55、0.17、0.40、0.10和0.55。     

Analysis of current–topography interaction in remote sensing imaging procedures for shallow water topography

Underwater topography can be imaged using remote sensing methods. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand the imaging mechanism of shallow water topography. However, current–topography interaction constitutes the weakest link in the remote sensing imaging mechanism of underwater topography. In addition, few studies focused on different topography patterns. Current velocity is highly correlated with bathymetry, and velocity gradient is used as an indicator of sea surface roughness. In this research, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of current velocity and velocity gradient in different cases using a 3-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic model to discuss the current–topography interaction part of the remote sensing imaging mechanism, especially the modulation by current parallel or normal to the underwater topography, both positive and negative. Results showed remarkable agreement between 3-D current analysis and surface velocity analysis. Parallel and normal currents had different responses to different topography types. The distribution of surface current gradient showed opposite features over negative and positive topography in parallel and normal current fields. This can be used to distinguish negative topography from positive topography with different current directions to a certain extent.     

GCM Simulations of Stable Isotopes in the Water Cycle in Comparison with GNIP Observations over East Asia

In this paper, we examine the performance of four isotope incorporated GCMs, i.e., ECHAM4 (University of Hamburg), HadCM3 (Hadley Centre), GISS E (Goddard Institute of Space Sciences), and MUGCM (Melbourne University), by comparing the model results with GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) observations. The spatial distributions of mean annual δD and mean annual deuterium excess d in precipitation, and the relationship between δ18 o and δD in precipitation, are compared between GCMs and GNIP data over East Asia. Overall, the four GCMs reproduce major characteristics of δD in precipitation as observed by GNIP. Among the four models, the results of ECHAM4 and GISS E are more consistent with GNIP observed precipitation δD distribution. The simulated d distributions are less consistent with the GNIP results. This may indicate that kinetic fractionation processes are not appropriately represented in the isotopic schemes of GCMs. The GCM modeled MWL (meteoric water line) slopes are close to the GNIP derived MWL, but the simulated MWL intercepts are significantly overestimated. This supports that the four isotope incorporated GCMs may not represent the kinetic fractionation processes well. In term of LMWLs (local meteoric water lines), the simulated LMWL slopes are similar to those from GNIP observations, but slightly overestimated for most locations. Overall, ECHAM4 has better capability in simulating MWL and LMWLs, followed by GISS E. Some isotopic functions (especially those related to kinetic fractionation) and their parameterizations in GCMs may have caused the discrepancy between the simulated and GNIP observed results. Future work is recommended to improve isotopic function parameterization on the basis of the high-resolution isotope observations.     

Spatiotemporal distributions of δD in atmospheric water vapor based on TES Data during 2004–2009

The spatial and temporal distributions of the stable isotopes such as HD¹⁶O (or ¹H²H¹⁶O, or HDO) and H₂ ¹⁸O in atmospheric water vapor are related to evaporation in source places, vapor condensation during transport, and vapor convergence and divergence, and thus provide useful information for investigation and understanding of the global water cycle. This paper analyzes spatiotemporal variations of the content of isotope HDO (i.e., δ _D), in atmospheric water vapor, namely, δ _{D v}, and the relationship of δ _{D v} with atmospheric humidity and temperature at different levels in the troposphere, using the HDO and H₂O data retrieved from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) at seven pressure levels from 825 to 100 hPa. The results indicate that δ _{D v} has a clear zonal distribution in the troposphere and a good correspondence with atmospheric precipitable water. The results also show that δ _{D v} decreases logarithmically with atmospheric pressure and presents a decreasing trend from the equator to high latitudes and from lands to oceans. Seasonal changes of δ _{D v} exhibit regional differences. The spatial distribution and seasonal variation of δ _{D v} in the low troposphere are consistent with those in the middle troposphere, but opposite situations occur from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The correlation between δ _{D v} and temperature has a similar distribution pattern to the correlation between δ _{D v} and precipitable water in the troposphere. The stable isotope HDO in water vapor (δ _{D v}), compared with that in precipitation (δ _{D p}), is of some differences in spatial distribution and seasonal variation, and in its relationship with temperature and humidity, indicating that the impacts of stable isotopic fractionation and atmospheric circulation on the two types of stable isotopes are different.     

Air–sea interaction and formation of the Asian summer monsoon onset vortex over the Bay of Bengal

In spring over the southern Bay of Bengal (BOB), a vortex commonly develops, followed by the Asian summer monsoon onset. An analysis of relevant data and a case study reveals that the BOB monsoon onset vortex is formed as a consequence of air–sea interaction over BOB, which is modulated by Tibetan Plateau forcing and the land–sea thermal contrast over the South Asian area during the spring season. Tibetan Plateau forcing in spring generates a prevailing cold northwesterly over India in the lower troposphere. Strong surface sensible heating is then released, forming a prominent surface cyclone with a strong southwesterly along the coastal ocean in northwestern BOB. This southwesterly induces a local offshore current and upwelling, resulting in cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The southwesterly, together with the near-equatorial westerly, also results in a surface anticyclone with descending air over most of BOB and a cyclone with ascending air over the southern part of BOB. In the eastern part of central BOB, where sky is clear, surface wind is weak, and ocean mixed layer is shallow, intense solar radiation and low energy loss due to weak surface latent and sensible heat fluxes act onto a thin ocean layer, resulting in the development of a unique BOB warm pool in spring. Near the surface, water vapor is transferred from northern BOB and other regions to southeastern BOB, where surface sensible heating is relatively high. The atmospheric available potential energy is generated and converted to kinetic energy, thereby resulting in vortex formation. The vortex then intensifies and moves northward, where SST is higher and surface sensible heating is stronger. Meanwhile, the zonal-mean kinetic energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy in the area east of the vortex, and the vortex turns eastward. Eventually, southwesterly sweeps over eastern BOB and merges with the subtropical westerly, leading to the onset of the Asian summer monsoon.     

1988-2009年全球地面风速变化趋势研究

利用来自ESE的1988-2009年高精度、高分辨率的CCMP风场资料,对全球0.25°×0.25°每个网格点上地面风速的逐年变化趋势进行分析.研究发现:近22 a期间,全球大部分区域的地面风速以显著性递增趋势为主导,递增趋势较强的区域主要分布于南极大陆的临海区域、格陵兰岛的临海区域;显著性逐年线性递减以及地面风速无明显变化趋势的区域主要散布于全球各地的一些零星区域,且不同地区地面风速的变化趋势由不同季节主导.     

台风“榴莲”陆上维持及暴雨增幅的大尺度环流特征

利用"CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径集"、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及地面加密观测资料,分析了2001年0103号台风"榴莲"陆上维持及暴雨增幅的大尺度环流特征。结果表明,"榴莲"登陆后正好位于低压带中,中纬度西风槽加强南伸,构成典型的"北槽南涡",阻碍西太平洋副热带高压西伸,使得"榴莲"陆上长时间维持。西风槽后的西北气流将中纬度冷空气输送至低纬,在"榴莲"环流北部外围与东南风暖湿气流汇合,有利于强降水发生。此外,索马里和100°E越赤道气流增强显著,加强西南季风,从阿拉伯海东部,经孟加拉湾和中南半岛中南部,直至南海北部到广西大部形成一条完整的水汽输送带,充沛的水汽直达"榴莲"东北侧,有利于该时段暴雨增幅。低纬夏季风10～20天低频振荡处于极端活跃位相时,低纬低频西风偏北及低频水汽向北输送至广西南部,有利于低层辐合并提供充足水汽,对"榴莲"暴雨增幅有重要作用。