Chemical composition of sediments from the subducting Cocos Ridge segment at the Southern Central American subduction zone

Subducted sediments play an important role in the magmatism at subduction zones and the formation of mantle heterogeneity, making them an important tracer for shallow crustal processes and deep mantle processes.Therefore, ascertaining the chemical compositions of different subduction end-members is a prerequisite for using subducted sediments to trace key geological processes. We reports here the comprehensive major and trace element analyses of 52 samples from two holes（U1414 A and U1381 C） dri...     

pRPL 2.0: Improving the Parallel Raster Processing Library

This article presents an improved p arallel R aster P rocessing L ibrary – pRPL version 2.0. Since the release of version 1.0, a series of modifications has been made in pRPL to improve its usability, flexibility, and performance. While retaining some of the key features of pRPL, the new version has gained several new features: (1) a new DataManager class has been added for integrated data management, and to facilitate data decomposition, assignment mapping, data distribution, Transition execution, and load‐balancing; (2) a GDAL‐based raster data I/O mechanism has been added to support various geospatial raster data formats, and provide centralized and pseudo parallel I/O modes; and (3) a static load‐balancing mode and a dynamic load‐balancing mode using the task‐farming technique are provided. A parallel zonal statistics tool and a parallel Cellular Automata model were developed to demonstrate the usability and performance of pRPL 2.0. The experiments using the California datasets showed that the performance altered when different pRPL options (i.e. load‐balancing mode, I/O mode and writer mode) were used for different algorithms, datasets, and varying numbers of processes.     

湖相致密油资源地球化学评价技术和应用

湖相致密油或页岩油资源量和可采性评价关键问题:一是在什么地方;二是有多少;三是有多少可采出。本文讨论了解决这3个问题的关键性地质技术和理论。湖相致密油勘探层空间分布识别的关键是高有机丰度源岩层段和含油夹层精细识别。利用源岩测井地球化学评价技术可识别出湖相地层中不同w(TOC)区间的源岩层段,利用氢指数(I_H)与w(TOC)的相关性,可实现湖相源岩层非均质性精细表征。湖相致密油勘探层油的赋存形式分为两类:一是致密油勘探层中砂岩、粉砂岩和碳酸盐岩夹层中的油,呈游离态;二是富有机质源岩中的油,包括了吸附态和游离态。吸附油在目前的技术条件下难以开采,现阶段真正有工业价值的是游离油。根据实际地球化学数据可标定出源岩中游离油量和吸附油量模型,从而可计算出游离油量、吸附油量和总原地油量。致密油流动性控制了其可采性,而源岩成熟度和生烃转化率是控制烃类流动性的关键。利用湖相高丰度源岩(w(TOC)>2%)I_H演化可较高精度地标定源岩的成熟度和转化率。以泌阳盆地为例展示了如何从源岩生烃模型和实际岩石热解数据预测页岩油的流动性。     

Air–sea interaction and formation of the Asian summer monsoon onset vortex over the Bay of Bengal

In spring over the southern Bay of Bengal (BOB), a vortex commonly develops, followed by the Asian summer monsoon onset. An analysis of relevant data and a case study reveals that the BOB monsoon onset vortex is formed as a consequence of air–sea interaction over BOB, which is modulated by Tibetan Plateau forcing and the land–sea thermal contrast over the South Asian area during the spring season. Tibetan Plateau forcing in spring generates a prevailing cold northwesterly over India in the lower troposphere. Strong surface sensible heating is then released, forming a prominent surface cyclone with a strong southwesterly along the coastal ocean in northwestern BOB. This southwesterly induces a local offshore current and upwelling, resulting in cold sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The southwesterly, together with the near-equatorial westerly, also results in a surface anticyclone with descending air over most of BOB and a cyclone with ascending air over the southern part of BOB. In the eastern part of central BOB, where sky is clear, surface wind is weak, and ocean mixed layer is shallow, intense solar radiation and low energy loss due to weak surface latent and sensible heat fluxes act onto a thin ocean layer, resulting in the development of a unique BOB warm pool in spring. Near the surface, water vapor is transferred from northern BOB and other regions to southeastern BOB, where surface sensible heating is relatively high. The atmospheric available potential energy is generated and converted to kinetic energy, thereby resulting in vortex formation. The vortex then intensifies and moves northward, where SST is higher and surface sensible heating is stronger. Meanwhile, the zonal-mean kinetic energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy in the area east of the vortex, and the vortex turns eastward. Eventually, southwesterly sweeps over eastern BOB and merges with the subtropical westerly, leading to the onset of the Asian summer monsoon.     

Study of a Horizontal Shear Line over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and the Impact of Diabatic Heating on Its Evolution

Based on the 4 times daily 0.75° × 0.75° ERA-Interim data, the structural evolution of a Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau horizontal (east–west-oriented) shear line (TSL) during 15–19 August 2015 and the effect of diabatic heating on its evolution were analyzed. The results show that the TSL possessed a vertical thickness of up to 1.5 km (approximately 600–450 hPa), and was baroclinic in nature. Weak ascending motions occurred near the TSL, accompanied with more significant gradients in dew point temperature than in temperature. The TSL was characterized by diurnal variations in its appearance and structure. It was relatively full in shape (broken) and was the lowest (highest) in vertical extent at 0000 (1800) UTC, and veered clockwise (anticlockwise) during 0000–0600 (1200–1800) UTC. When the north–south span of the TSL increased, it was prone to fracturing; and it disappeared when the dew point temperature gradients to its either side decreased. When the TSL moved northward (southward), its western (eastern) section broke up, while the eastern (western) section inclined to regenerate or merge. The TSL tended to move towards the positive vorticity areas with significant increases in vorticity. When the positive vorticity center moved down, the height of TSL decreased. Further analysis shows that the plateau surface heating dominated the vorticity attribute of the TSL and its movement, with different contributions from local variation, horizontal advection, and vertical advection of the diabatic heating to the TSL at different heights.     

1957—2010年石家庄城市闷热天气的影响因素分析

用石家庄站和同纬度城镇站(深州、晋州)1957—2010年的观测资料分析闷热日数、闷热指数的年代际变化和两站间的差异,以及14时气温、相对湿度和绝对湿度的年代际变化。结果表明:1957—2010年,石家庄的闷热天气呈增多趋势;城镇站则表现出多-少-多的双峰型演变。石家庄的闷热天气与14时气温的变化一致,闷热程度增强,气温起主要作用;深州的闷热天气与14时气温和湿度变化有关,且湿度起主要作用。受城市化的影响,石家庄的热岛效应自20世纪80年代末开始逐渐强于深州,干岛效应20世纪90年代中期以后明显加强。石家庄闷热天气主要由城市热岛效应和全球变暖引起,城市干岛效应引起的湿度下降抵消了一部分闷热天气发生的可能性。     

GCM Simulations of Stable Isotopes in the Water Cycle in Comparison with GNIP Observations over East Asia

In this paper, we examine the performance of four isotope incorporated GCMs, i.e., ECHAM4 (University of Hamburg), HadCM3 (Hadley Centre), GISS E (Goddard Institute of Space Sciences), and MUGCM (Melbourne University), by comparing the model results with GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) observations. The spatial distributions of mean annual δD and mean annual deuterium excess d in precipitation, and the relationship between δ18 o and δD in precipitation, are compared between GCMs and GNIP data over East Asia. Overall, the four GCMs reproduce major characteristics of δD in precipitation as observed by GNIP. Among the four models, the results of ECHAM4 and GISS E are more consistent with GNIP observed precipitation δD distribution. The simulated d distributions are less consistent with the GNIP results. This may indicate that kinetic fractionation processes are not appropriately represented in the isotopic schemes of GCMs. The GCM modeled MWL (meteoric water line) slopes are close to the GNIP derived MWL, but the simulated MWL intercepts are significantly overestimated. This supports that the four isotope incorporated GCMs may not represent the kinetic fractionation processes well. In term of LMWLs (local meteoric water lines), the simulated LMWL slopes are similar to those from GNIP observations, but slightly overestimated for most locations. Overall, ECHAM4 has better capability in simulating MWL and LMWLs, followed by GISS E. Some isotopic functions (especially those related to kinetic fractionation) and their parameterizations in GCMs may have caused the discrepancy between the simulated and GNIP observed results. Future work is recommended to improve isotopic function parameterization on the basis of the high-resolution isotope observations.     

朝阳市种植业结构调整优化模型

近年来,中国学者在资源配置、农作物种植结构优化模型方面做了大量工作. 如齐文虎、杨永歧、孙玉亭、马树庆、郭建平、李湘阁、于系民等均从不同角度,探讨了如何合理利用气候资源,建立了单目标线性规划模型,为调整优化种植业或大农业的种植结构提供了可靠的依据和良好的建议.王丙昆等、刘文俊等,还分别建立了多目标线性规划模型和二次规划模型, 为当地的大农业和作物布局调整提供了依据.何维勋应用单目标非线性规划方法研究了防御冷害的作物布局.文中拟以朝阳市种植业结构调整优业模型为主题,在前人已经建立的单目标和多目标两种线性规划、单目标非线性规划优化模型基础上,尝试建立多目标非线性规划和动态规划等两种优化模型.然后连同单目标线性、非线性规划和多目标线性规划一起共5种模型进行对比分析,并与朝阳市的种植业现状进行比较,选出最适合朝阳市种植业结构调整的优化模型.     

两种再分析资料间Hadley环流双层结构的差异

采用NCEP／NCAR、ECMWF两种再分析资料，分析了1979-1989年纬向平均经向风（[υ↑-]）及质量流函数（ψ↑-）的差异。结果表明，ECMWF资料存在明显的Hadley双层结构，NCEP／NCAR资料则未见明显的Hadley双层结构。此项研究结果虽不能证明Hadley双层结构是否客观存在，但表明低纬大气环流研究中资料选用直接影响研究结果。     

吉林延边闹枝金矿区粗面安山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

对延边闹枝金矿区金沟岭组粗面安山岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学和地球化学特征的研究,结果表明:金沟岭组粗面安山岩中的锆石自形程度较好,主要为长柱状,具有较为清晰的韵律环带结构,Th/U值为0.43~0.71(> 0.40),表明锆石岩浆成因;锆石定年结果显示,金沟岭组粗面安山岩形成时代为早白垩世((130±2)Ma,MSWD=1.8);岩石属于钙碱性系列,明显富集大离子亲石元素(如K、Ba、Rb)、LREE和强不相容元素(如Th、U),相对亏损高场强元素(如Ta、Nb、Ti、P),高Mg^#值(43~52,平均为47),Na₂O/K₂O值为1.73~2.25,平均值为1.93(> 1.17),其地球化学特征与活动大陆边缘背景下形成的火成岩相似。结合岩石Nb/Ta值(14.40~14.72)、Rb/Sr值(0.10~0.18)、Th/Nb值(0.29~1.04)、Ba/La值(17.61~23.92)等特征值,认为岩浆由壳幔混合而成。综合前人研究成果,认为金沟岭组粗面安山岩形成于古太平洋(伊泽奈崎)板块斜向俯冲亚洲大陆的活动陆缘环境。