Intercomparison of stable isotopes in precipitation simulated by GCMs with GNIP survey over East Asia

Using the isotope enabled ECHAM4, GISS E and HadCM3 GCMs, the spatial distribution of mean δ¹⁸O in precipitation, mean seasonality and the correlations of δ¹⁸O in precipitation with temperature and precipitation amount are analyzed. The simulated results are in agreement with stable isotopic features by GNIP observations. Over East Asia, the distribution of δ¹⁸O in precipitation is of marked latitude effect and altitude effect. The latitude effect is covered by the continent effect in some regions. The largest seasonality of δ¹⁸O in precipitation appears in eastern Siberia controlled by cold high pressure, and the smallest seasonality is in the western Pacific controlled by the subtropical high. Relatively weak seasonality appears in middle latitudes where oceanic and continental air masses frequently interact. However, three GCMs show significant systematic lower δ¹⁸O for inland mid-high latitudes than GNIP data, which is related to the used isotopic scheme in GCMs. Temperature effect occurs mainly in inland mid-high latitudes. The higher the latitude and the closer the distance to inland is, then the stronger the temperature effect. Amount effect occurs mainly in low-mid latitudes and monsoon areas, with the strongest effect in low-latitude coasts or islands. However, three GCMs provide virtually non-existent amount effect in arid regions over Central Asia. The enrichment action of stable isotopes in falling raindrops under a cloud base, which is enlarged by these modes, is responsible for such a result. A significant difference between spatial distributions of δ¹⁸O statistics by GCMs simulations and by GNIP observations is that the standard deviation of GCMs statistics is greater than that of GNIP statistics. In contrast, by comparing parallel time series at a single station, the standard deviations of GCMs simulations are smaller than that of GNIP observations.     

Spatiotemporal distributions of δD in atmospheric water vapor based on TES Data during 2004–2009

The spatial and temporal distributions of the stable isotopes such as HD¹⁶O (or ¹H²H¹⁶O, or HDO) and H₂ ¹⁸O in atmospheric water vapor are related to evaporation in source places, vapor condensation during transport, and vapor convergence and divergence, and thus provide useful information for investigation and understanding of the global water cycle. This paper analyzes spatiotemporal variations of the content of isotope HDO (i.e., δ _D), in atmospheric water vapor, namely, δ _{D v}, and the relationship of δ _{D v} with atmospheric humidity and temperature at different levels in the troposphere, using the HDO and H₂O data retrieved from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) at seven pressure levels from 825 to 100 hPa. The results indicate that δ _{D v} has a clear zonal distribution in the troposphere and a good correspondence with atmospheric precipitable water. The results also show that δ _{D v} decreases logarithmically with atmospheric pressure and presents a decreasing trend from the equator to high latitudes and from lands to oceans. Seasonal changes of δ _{D v} exhibit regional differences. The spatial distribution and seasonal variation of δ _{D v} in the low troposphere are consistent with those in the middle troposphere, but opposite situations occur from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The correlation between δ _{D v} and temperature has a similar distribution pattern to the correlation between δ _{D v} and precipitable water in the troposphere. The stable isotope HDO in water vapor (δ _{D v}), compared with that in precipitation (δ _{D p}), is of some differences in spatial distribution and seasonal variation, and in its relationship with temperature and humidity, indicating that the impacts of stable isotopic fractionation and atmospheric circulation on the two types of stable isotopes are different.     

1988-2009年全球地面风速变化趋势研究

利用来自ESE的1988-2009年高精度、高分辨率的CCMP风场资料,对全球0.25°×0.25°每个网格点上地面风速的逐年变化趋势进行分析.研究发现:近22 a期间,全球大部分区域的地面风速以显著性递增趋势为主导,递增趋势较强的区域主要分布于南极大陆的临海区域、格陵兰岛的临海区域;显著性逐年线性递减以及地面风速无明显变化趋势的区域主要散布于全球各地的一些零星区域,且不同地区地面风速的变化趋势由不同季节主导.     

Test of Deep Seismic Reflection Profiling across central Uplift of Qiangtang Terrane in Tibetan Plateau

A test of deep seismic reflection profiling across the central uplift or metamorphic belt of the Qiangtang (羌塘) terrane, Tibet plateau, provides a first image of the crustal structure. Complex reflection patterns in the upper crust are interpreted as a series of folds and thrusts, and hivergent reflections in the lower crust may represent a convergence between the Indian and the Eurasian plates.     

光学像消旋系统在FY-3 MERSI图像定位中的应用

45°旋转扫描反射镜模式是一种最常见的光机扫描模式。但45°镜的旋转反射会产生像旋转, 对于线列探测器并扫成像系统时会产生轴外视场无法配准。在遥感图像地理定位计算中, 如果只考虑45°旋转扫描反射镜的反射成像, 也同样会造成地理定位结果在轴外的大误差。在遥感图像地理定位处理中, 计算了K镜反射特性矩阵, 通过光学矢量反射和旋转计算, 在图像地理定位结果中消除了轴外误差。在分析了45°旋转扫描反射镜产生像旋转原因基础上, 给出了在遥感图像地理定位中45°旋转扫描反射镜和K镜光学像消旋系统的处理方法。将该方法用于FY-3 MERSI 10元并扫探测器的遥感图像地理定位处理, 在图像定位结果中减小了误差, 地理定位结果平滑连续。并讨论了45°旋转扫描反射镜和K镜光学像消旋系统对遥感图像地理定位可能造成的其他误差。该方法同样适合于其他45°旋转扫描反射镜和K镜像消旋系统以及多元并扫遥感仪器的图像地理定位。     

热带对流季内振荡强度异常特征及其与海表温度的关系

利用外逸长波辐射 (outgoing longwave radiation, OLR) 资料分析了热带对流季内振荡 (ISO) 强度的季节变化及年际异常特征, 重点研究其与海表温度的关系。结果表明:最强的OLR季内振荡主要位于高海表温度 (SST) 区, 即热带印度洋和热带西太平洋区域, 终年存在, 冬、春季最强, 振荡中心偏于夏半球。OLR季内振荡强度年际异常显著区域是热带中东太平洋区域、西北太平洋区域和西南太平洋区域, 它与SST年际异常存在局地正相关关系, 伴随环流的辐合辐散, 并与ENSO事件关系密切。另外, El Ni?o事件发生之前, 热带印度洋和热带西太平区域OLR季内振荡增强, 其中心随事件的发展逐渐东移, 事件发生后这两个区域ISO减弱, 这与OLR季内振荡强度年际异常显著的区域具有内在连贯性。海表温度是决定OLR季内振荡强度季节变化、年际异常的一个关键因子。     

Building GIS web services on JXTA network

In recent years, Web services and Peer-to-Peer (or simply P2P) appear as two of the hottest research topics in network computing. On the one hand, by adopting a decentralized, network-based style, P2P technologies can make P2P systems enhance overall reliability and fault-tolerance, increase autonomy, and enable ad-hoc communication and collaboration. On the other hand, Web services provides a good approach to integrate various heterogeneous systems and applications into a cooperative environment. This paper presents the techniques of combining Web services and P2P technologies into GIS to construct a new generation of GIS, which is more flexible and cooperative. As a case study, an ongoing project JGWS is introduced, which is an experimental GIS Web services platform built on JXTA. This paper also explores the schemes of building GIS Web services in a P2P environment.     

Using social media data to understand and assess disasters

This paper contributes to the understanding of disasters from the perspective of social media activities. We develop a measure based on Twitter activities that can be used to quantify the evolution of disasters and thus demonstrate temporal–spatial patterns of Twitter activities particularly near the coastline and in large urban areas during Hurricane Sandy. We also show a close relationship between hurricane damages and Twitter activities. Our findings suggest the potential of using social media activities for rapid damage assessment.