软土地基上填土桥坡工后沉降三维有限元研究

采用适用于上海饱和软土的非线性粘弹塑性模型, 研制了三维有限元软件。 应用该软件对软土地基上填土桥坡的工后沉降进行了三维有限元研究, 并将计算值与实测结果作了比较, 认为软土路基的蠕变效应是造成桥坡工后沉降的主要因素。     

Promotive effects of alginate-derived oligosaccharides on the inducing drought resistance of tomato

In order to determine the role of alginate-derived oligosaccharides (ADO) in drought stress resistance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) seedlings, the leaves were exposed to different concentrations of ADO (0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.30% and 0.50%) after drought stress was simulated by exposing the roots to 0.6 molL⁻¹ PEG-6000 solution for 6 h. Changes in biomass, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA), free proline, total soluble sugars (TSS) and abscisic acid (ABA), the enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) were measured to investigate the effects of ADO treatment. The results showed that the treatment with an ADO concentration of 0.20% exhibited the highest performance of drought stress resistance in the tomato seedlings by decreasing the electrolyte leakage and the concentration of MDA, increasing the contents of free proline, TSS and ABA, and increasing the activities of CAT, SOD, POD and PAL after treatment with ADO. It is suggested that changes in electrolyte leakage, MDA, osmotic solutes, ABA, anti-oxidative enzyme and PAL activities were responsible for the increased drought stress resistance in tomato seedlings. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of the effect of ADO treatment on enhancing the drought stress resistance of tomato seedlings.     

Detecting the relationship between summer rainfall anomalies in eastern china and the SSTA in the global domain with a new significance test method

It is suggested that the multiple samples in a correlation map or a set of correlation maps should be examined with sig-nificance tests as per the Bernoulli probability, model. Therefore, both the contemporaneous and lag correlations of summertime pre-cipitation R in any one of the three regions of Northern China (NC), the Changjiang-Huaihe River Valley (CHRV), and Southern China (SC) with the SSTA in the global domain have been tested in the present article, using our significance test method and the method proposed by Livezey and Chen (1983) respectively. Our results demonstrate that the contemporaneous correlations of sum-mer R in CHRV with the SSTA are larger than those in NC. Significant correlations of SSTA with CHRV R are found to be in some warm SST regions in the tropics, whereas those of SSTA with NC R, which are opposite in sign as compared to the SSTA-CHRV R correlations, are found to be in some regions where the mean SSTs are low. In comparison with the patterns of the contemporaneous correlations, the 1 to 12 month lag correlations between NC R and SSTA, and those between CHRV summer R and SSTA show simi-lar patterns, including the magnitudes and signs, and the spatial distributions of the coefficients. However, the summer rainfall in SC is not well correlated with the SSTA, no matter how long the lag interval is. The results derived from the observations have set up a relationship frame connecting the precipitation anomalies in NC, CHRV, and SC with the SSTA in the global domain, which is criti-cally useful for our understanding and predicting the climate variabilities in different parts of China Both NC and CHRV summer R are connected with El Nino events, showing a'--'pattern in an El Nino year and a'+ +'pattern in the subsequent year.     

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A cellular automata model for population expansion of Spartina alterniflora at Jiuduansha Shoals,Shanghai, China

Biological invasion has received considerable attention recently because of increasing impacts on local ecosystems. Expansion of Spartina alterniflora, a non-native species, on the intertidal mudflats of Jiuduansha Shoals at the Yangtze River Estuary is a prime example of a spatially-structured invasion in a relatively simple habitat, for which strategic control efforts can be modeled and applied. Here, we developed a Cellular Automata (CA) model, in conjunction with Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, to simulate the expanding process of S. alterniflora for a period of 8 years after being introduced to the new shoals, and to study the interactions between spatial pattern and ecosystem processes for the saltmarsh vegetation. The results showed that the CA model could simulate the population dynamics of S. alterniflora and Phragmites australis on the Jiuduansha Shoals successfully. The results strongly support the hypothesis of space pre-emption as well as range expansion with simple advancing wave fronts for these two species. In the Yangtze River Estuary, the native species P. australis shares the same niche with the exotic species S. alterniflora. However, the range expansion rate of P. australis was much slower than that of S. alterniflora. With the accretion of the Jiuduansha Shoals due to the large quantity of sediments deposited by the Yangtze River, a rapid range expansion of S. alterniflora is predicted to last for a long period into future. This study indicated the potential for this approach to provide valuable insights into population and community ecology of invasive species, which could be very important for wetland biodiversity conservation and resource management in the Yangtze River Estuary and other such impacted areas.     

两种地震预警定位方法的比较

根据福建地震台网的地震目录,利用各个地震事件前4台的P波到时对Tnow定位方法和4台连续定位方法进行检验,结果表明,两种方法的定位结果相差不大,大部分地震事件的定位偏差也都较小;随震中距的增大,两种方法对网外地震的定位偏差可能增大,这可能和台站集中在震中的一侧、参与定位的台站与地震之间的张角较小有关。波速结构对4台连续定位方法的定位结果存在一定的影响,选择合适的速度模型将有助于改善地震预警定位结果。采用Tnow定位方法不能定位的地震事件相对于4台连续定位方法要多,这可能是由于Tnow定位方法应用了未触发台站的信息,而部分P波到时信息因台站断记或震相记录不清晰等原因而未在地震目录中体现导致的;综合考虑两种定位方法的局限性有助于提高地震预警系统的稳定性和可靠性。     

含AgI人工冰核粒子的电镜分析

为深入认识当前人工影响天气作业中广泛使用的AgI焰剂的成冰特性, 利用电子显微镜对含AgI焰剂产生的人工冰核粒子尺度特征进行分析研究。利用环境场扫描电镜对焰剂颗粒的尺度分布和形态学特征进行研究, 利用场发射高分辨透射电镜纳米区域的X射线成分分析 (EDS) 对实验样品的颗粒结构特点和主要组成成分进行研究。实验结果表明:不同配方焰剂燃烧产生的颗粒谱分布特征有明显差异, 所取5种焰剂产生的颗粒平均谱分布, 其直径在0.02~0.50 μm之间的粒子数占98.96%, 即产生粒子绝大部分都可直接参加云内的成冰核化过程, 但其谱宽、峰值直径, 分布特征都不相同。透射电镜结果表明:焰剂颗粒的主要组成是KCl, 其表面附着AgI小颗粒, 该结构特征可能更有利于焰剂颗粒的成冰核化。利用中国气象科学研究院1 m3等温冷云室对AgI焰剂阈温对比实验表明:5种焰剂的成冰阈温在-3.5~-4.4 ℃范围内, 不同焰剂配方的阈温不同, 最大相差1 ℃。焰剂成冰核化速率主要由颗粒的大小 (均立方根直径) 决定, 同时受到谱宽、主峰位置等多种分布特征量影响, 改进配方时应综合考虑。同时, 由于高于-4.4 ℃时, 焰剂产生颗粒接触过冷水滴缺少活性, 即含AgI焰剂不适于云中较暖区的催化。     

2015—2017年唐山市PM2.5重污染生消气象条件分析

利用2015—2017年唐山市空气质量日空气质量指数、小时PM_2.5浓度和气象数据,分析了唐山市重污染特征及PM_2.5重污染生成、消散气象条件。结果表明：2015—2017年唐山市重污染天数为减少趋势,年平均重污染天数36 d。冬季发生重污染天数最多,秋季次之。重污染天气中首要污染物为PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃,PM_2.5为首要污染物占比87%,PM₁₀占比6%,O₃占比7%。小时PM_2.5浓度与相对湿度、总云量、24 h变温正相关,与风速、气温、风向、1 h降水负相关。冬季相关性最好,其次是秋季和春季。90%PM_2.5重污染相对湿度均为50%以上,冬季和秋季高达98%;风速大于4 m·s^-1时,有0.7%的PM_2.5达到重污染;降水对PM_2.5有一定清除作用。升温、湿度增加和负变压有助于污染天气形成,生成过程中平均风速为1.8 m·s^-1,主导风向为SW,其次是S、W。降温、湿度下降、正变压、降水有助于污染天气消散,消散过程中平均风速为3.1 m·s^-1,主导风向为E,其次是NE、N。各方位3 m·s^-1的风具有清除能力,偏北风具有较好清除能力,风速较其他方向风速小。     

冰雪晶碰并勾连增长的实验与观测分析

冰雪晶碰并勾连成雪花或雪团的过程是降水的重要机制之一。冰雪晶形态不同导致各类晶动力特性的差异, 因此, 无论从理论、数值试验还是室内模拟研究这一过程都有很大困难。该文就室内、外场试验和自然云的观测, 讨论分析其发生机理和条件。结果表明:冰晶的增长过程有一个与云滴碰并增长相似的加速过程, 冰晶碰并过冷滴形成霰 (雹胚), 凇附长成冰雹; 冰雪晶相互碰并勾连、攀附增长为雪花或雪团, 都是降水质点加速增长的重要过程。此过程仅在水面饱和、过饱和条件下发生, 而水面欠饱和、无液滴 (无云) 时, 冰晶很薄、晶型简单, 无碰并勾连、攀附现象。冰晶在液滴存在的云雾中伴随气流对流、乱流运动中接触碰并勾连成雪花或雪团, 其碰并勾连效率既受晶体形状影响, 亦受晶体表面附着力的影响, 其机制有勾连亦有粘连, 晶型多样, 以相同晶型为主, 温度范围广 (-3~-17 ℃); 其中-13~-17 ℃碰并勾连效率最高, 该层的枝、星状晶是勾连、攀附的主要区域, 亦为冰晶繁生的主要区域、生长率最快, 是人工增雨播撒人工冰核催化效率较高的温度段。     

江汉盆地江陵凹陷古近系新沟咀组含膏盐岩系沉积特征及控制因素

江陵凹陷位于江汉盆地西南部,在其次级洼陷资福寺洼陷和梅槐桥洼陷南部新沟咀组下段(新下段)沉积了一套膏盐岩层。通过钻井、测井和岩心资料的分析,明确了研究区含膏盐岩系地层的岩性、电性及物理性质特征。在此基础上,结合三维地震剖面资料及正演模拟结果,确定了研究区主要岩性组合的地震响应特征:膏盐岩与泥岩互层表现为强振幅;砂泥岩互层表现为中振幅;质纯的泥岩振幅最弱。应用井点预测与均方根振幅预测相结合的方法,对新下段膏盐岩层的分布规律进行预测,结果表明,新下段膏盐岩层在平面上的分布较为局限,相对于沙市组具有明显的向南迁移萎缩的趋势,物源、构造和沉积环境3种因素的综合作用是造成这种差异性的主要原因。