城市热环境发展及缓解方案研究综述

城市热环境问题日益严重,通过对已有热环境的研究结果进行分析,进而探讨改善热环境的相应措施具有重要实践意义。从城市热环境的影响因子、观测方法、研究手段、降温原理以及降温效果等方面对城市热环境的发展和缓解进行总结。深入分析当前主要的研究手段和缓解措施,包括遥感技术和数值模拟的使用,绿色屋顶、绿色建材、城市灌溉、城市结构、通风廊道和人为热的降温效应。针对现有研究的不足,提出对未来的研究建议,为改善城市热环境提供理论依据。     

基于不同参数化方案的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的集合预报试验

针对WRF模式中各非绝热物理过程,选用不同的参数化方案,对2009年6月29—30日一次梅雨锋暴雨过程做24 h降水预报的敏感性试验,并组成18个成员做物理集合预报,分析了实况与模拟的24 h降水量及其TS评分和离散度。结果表明,WRF模式的物理集合预报可成功模拟出3个暴雨中心的位置及强度;选用Lin et al微物理方案、MRF行星边界层方案和Betts-Miller-Janjic积云对流方案对湖北省西南部地区暴雨中心的位置及强度的模拟最好;3个暴雨中心均对应于离散度的大值中心,在降水较强时段其离散度也较大;不同集合成员在某时段预报的降水量可较好体现该时段的降水概率,而由物理集合预报得到的逐时降水量则可为定时降水预报提供依据。     

不同沉水植物叶片附着细菌群落多样性及网络结构差异

沉水植物叶表附着大量细菌,与沉水植物构成了复杂的共生体系.叶片附着细菌是水生态的重要组成部分,能影响沉水植物自身生长和水体物质循环过程.目前,对于沉水植物多样性对植物叶片附着细菌群落的影响知之甚少.本研究比较了不同沉水植物物种多样性对浮游细菌和叶片附着细菌群落的影响,同时探究不同植物——苦草(Vallisneria natans)、穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)叶片附着细菌的群落结构和多样性特征.结果表明,浮游细菌和叶片附着细菌的群落α多样性和β多样性具有显著差异.与单一植物物种体系相比,高植物物种多样性体系中植物叶片附着细菌群落α多样性较高.在高植物物种多样性体系中,黑藻叶片附着细菌群落的α多样性显著较高而β多样性显著较低,苦草叶片附着细菌群落的α多样性较低.沉水植物叶片附着细菌群落优势菌群属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes).高植物物种多样性体系中苦草的物种共现网络最具模块性.嗜甲基菌(g_Methylophilus)、红杆菌(f_Rhodobacter)、黄杆菌(g_Flavobacterium)是物种共现网络的关键物种.本文研究植物物种多样性对淡水湖泊细菌群落结构的影响,并强调宿主植物对附着细菌群落的重要选择作用,加深对细菌群落在水生植物叶片定殖机制的理解.     

Degassing of deep-sourced CO2 from Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zones in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

A large number of gases are releasing from the medium-high temperature geothermal fields distributed along the large-scale strike-slip fault zones in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.In this study,11 hot spring water and the associated bubbling gas samples were collected along the Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zones(XSH-ANHFZ)and analyzed for chemical and isotopic compositions.The δ¹⁸_{H_(2}O) and δD_{H_(2}O) values indicate that hot spring waters are predominantly meteoric origin recharged from different altitudes.Most water samples are significantly enriched in Na⁺ and HCO₃ due to the dissolution of regional evaporites,carbonates and Na-silicates.³He/⁴He ratios of the gas samples are 0.025-2.73 times the atmospheric value.The ³He/⁴He ratios are high in the Kangding region where the dense faults are distributed,and gradually decrease with increasing distance from Kangding towards both sides along the Xianshuihe fault zones(XSHFZ).Hydrothermal fluids have dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)concentrations from 2 to 42 mmol L^-1,δ¹³C_DIC from -6.9‰ to 1.3‰,δ¹³C_{CO_(2}) from -7.2‰ to -3.6‰ and Δ¹⁴C from -997‰ to -909‰.Combining regional geochemical and geological information,the CO₂sources can be attributed to deep-sourced CO₂from mantle and metamorphism of marine carbonate,and shallow-sourced CO₂from the dissolution of marine carbonate and biogenic CO₂.The mass balance model shows that 11±6% of the DIC is sourced from the dissolution of shallow carbonate minerals,9±8% formed by pyrolysis of sedimentary organic matter,80±9% derived from deep metamorphic origin and mantle-derived CO₂.Among them,the deep-sourced CO₂in Anninghe fault zones(ANHFZ)is merely metamorphic carbon,whereas ca.12% and ca.88% of the deep-sourced CO₂in the XSHFZ are derived from the mantle and metamorphic carbon,respectively.The average deep-sourced CO₂flux in the Kangding geothermal field is estimated to be 160 ta^-1.If all the hot springs in various fault zones in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau are taken into account,the regional deep-sourced CO₂flux would reach ca.10⁵ ta^-1.These results show that the deep-sourced CO₂released from nonvolcanic areas might account for a considerable proportion of the total amount of global deep-sourced carbon degassing,which should be paid more attention to.     

老旧房屋震害预测的一个数学模型

本从云南城市建筑的实际出发，给出一个老旧房屋震害预测的数学模型。     

关于基本重力网的布设问题

本文提出了根据线性规划和连续优化的原理设计重力网的方法。线性规划的约束条件为(A^T⊙A^T)P≥N'₀。用严格计算的法方程系数矩阵作为控制精度的标准。由于线性规划的范围是所有实际可行测边,所以结果是可行的。使用单纯形法计算以后舍弃权为零的各测边,将具有实际权的测边作为连续优化的基础。在连续优化的过程中,分别用maxQ_ii=min和trQ·C_i=min两式作为比较的标准,以提高网的精度的均匀性。根据上述设计方法,本文设计出了国家新的基本重力网,并讨论了有关重力网的精度、绝对重力点、重力基线等方面的问题。     

网络编程实现气象卫星资料的传输

气象卫星应用系统是一个异构平台的分布式处理系统,由多机协同完成资料接收、传输、处理、存档与产品分发等任务。使用网络编程进行气象卫星资料的传输,可以提高资料的传输实效,确保分布式环境下不同系统之间的同步与资料的可靠性,从而保证气象卫星产品及时提供用户使用。该文介绍了网络编程技术在气象卫星资料传输方面的应用。     

A comparison of the distributions of carbazoles and dibenzothiophenes in western Qaidam Basin,Northwest China

Variations in the distributions of carbazoles and dibenzothiophenes were investigated in a set of source rocks, which differ mainly in their maturity levels during immature-mature stages. A comparison of the distributions of carbazoles and dibenzothiophenes has revealed the main results as follows- ① variations in the relative amounts of C0-, C1-, C2-dibenzothiophenes show a low correlation with that of the corresponding carbazoles, with the for- mer＇s being much higher than the latter＇s; ② variations in the relative amounts of methyldibenzothiophene isomers also display a low correlation with that of the corresponding methylcarbazoles, with 4-/4- ＋1-methyldibenzothio- phene ratio ranging from 0.52 to 0.96, while the corresponding carbazole ratio of 1-/1- ＋4-methylcarbazole only being 0.71-0.05; ③ the maturity parameter for 4,6-/4,6- ＋l,4-dimethyldibenzothiohene, ranging from 0.34 to 0.75, shows a remarkable linear correlation with the corresponding ratio of 1,8-/1,8- ＋1,4-dimethylcarbazole （R2〉0.84）. The un-correlation may indicate some different geological-geochemical fates for some isomers of dibenzothiophenes and carbazoles. The high correlation may reveal a strong maturation dependence on the dimethylcarbazole distribu- tions, indicating that attention should be paid when 1,8-/1,8- ＋1,4-dimethylcarbazole is used as a petroleum migra- tion indicator.     

新疆富蕴县蒙库铁矿床赋矿浅粒岩锆石U-Pb年代学研究

蒙库铁矿床位于阿尔泰山南缘成矿带的麦兹火山-沉积盆地内,矿床主矿体成因类型为与火山作用有关的热水喷流沉积矿床.矿体主要赋存于泥盆系康布铁堡组地层中,主要岩性有浅粒岩、变粒岩及斜长角闪岩,原岩恢复显示为海相火山岩,主要为细碧岩-角斑岩-石英角斑岩,次为流纹岩-凝灰岩,沉积岩为钙质凝灰质砂岩夹结晶灰岩.通过对蒙库铁矿床浅粒岩锆石LA-ICP-MS UPb定年,确定了矿床的形成时代及康布铁堡组地层的形成时代.锆石中Th含量分别为29.5×10-6~82.7×10-6和32.1×10-6~109.3×10-6,U含量分别为35.7×10-6~132.1×10-6和47.6×10-6~140.6×10-6,Th/U比值为0.41~1.19和0.51~0.85,为典型岩浆锆石特征.蒙库铁矿浅粒岩的U-Pb年龄分别为397.5±2.5 Ma和389.0±4.7 Ma.结合区域年代学资料,确定康布铁堡组形成于早泥盆世,康布铁堡组下亚组上限为389±4.7 Ma,而蒙库铁矿床主矿体形成时代为397.5±2.5 Ma.