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671.
Different communities,different perspectives: issues affecting residents’ response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This research investigates residents’ knowledge and perception of the Katla volcano and emergency response procedures in all rural and urban communities located in the eastern and southern Katla hazard zones. Using a questionnaire survey conducted in 2008, we demonstrate that there is an apparent difference between rural and urban communities' knowledge and perceptions, and identify some of the issues influencing residents’ perspectives and behaviour. All rural and most urban residents have an accurate knowledge of Katla, the proposed warning system and emergency response plan. Urban residents perceived the emergency response plan to be appropriate. In comparison, rural residents did not perceive the emergency response plan as appropriate. Rural residents stated that they would personally assess the situation before deciding on a course of action independent of the proposed plan. Livelihood connections and inherited knowledge affect rural residents’ ability and willingness to comply with the recommended procedures. Factors such as hazard knowledge, sense of community and attachment to place indicate that rural residents are more resilient to volcanic hazards. Based on our findings we recommend that emergency management agencies consider issues such as personal responsibility, neighbourliness and community involvement and cooperation, to develop and implement more appropriate volcanic risk mitigation strategies. In light of the recent Eyjafjallajökull eruptions, we provide a brief discussion on the 2010 emergency response. Although our findings are Iceland-specific, our recommendations may be applied internationally to other volcanic and disaster-prone regions. 相似文献
672.
673.
海南琼海加积井水温同震效应特征和机理初探 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
基于海南加积井数字化水温2007年1月-2010年4月震中距小于8 000 km、Ms≥7.8大震的同震响应资料,系统分析水温年月日正常动态特征,发现远震引起的水温同震效应特征为上升脉冲,与以往的非自流井水温同震效应以下降为主的认识不一致;水温变化幅度与震中距、震级有一定关系,加积井水温同震效应成因,可用“层内混合”作... 相似文献
674.
Guðmundsdóttir LÓ Ho KK Lam JC Svavarsson J Leung KM 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,63(5-12):500-507
Using the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus as a biomonitor, we evaluated the organotin contamination along the Icelandic coast over nearly two decades. In 2008, adult dogwhelks collected from 30 locations were examined for imposex status. In 2009, tissue concentrations of six organotin species in dogwhelks from 16 of the 30 locations were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tributyltin was the most predominant residue ranging from 2.07 to 70.38 μg kg(-1) dw, while triphenyltin was also detected at concentrations up to 22.79 μg kg(-1) dw. Higher total organotin concentrations and imposex indices were observed at locations near large harbours (Reykjavík and Hafnarfj?reur). By comparing the current imposex results with those of previous surveys (1992-2003), we found that recovery was slow near the large harbours, but more apparent near the smaller harbours. We also observed a notable increase in imposex at several northwest sites implying incessant input of organotins. 相似文献
675.
The Yangtze River Delta region is an area highly vulnerable to flooding. As the population density is rising concomitantly
with high economic growth, this region is becoming more vulnerable to natural hazards. We conducted a survey to investigate
the individual risk perception of both the local authorities and the general community, analyze the current situation regarding
risk management and identify problems in the current risk management scheme. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed
to some members of the community and interviews with representatives of the local authorities. The primary findings are as
follows: (1) risk and disaster multipliers perceived by lay people show the stigma effect of the Wenchuan earthquake; (2)
the responses of college students illustrate that the stigma effect has less influence on people who have more knowledge about
hazards; (3) differences exist in comparative groups (China and USA), which shows that the society and culture influence people’s
perception of risk; and (4) economic activities have complicated flood risk management such as land shortage, ground subsidence
and flood diversion. Accordingly, the following measures should be taken: (1) the government should improve the risk communication
and education of lay people; (2) the government must also control unsuitable land use and balance economic development and
risk management; (3) flood diversion areas should be compensated through special funds collected from other cities; and (4)
local governments should provide more support for hazard mitigation. 相似文献
676.
Public perception of flood hazard and flood risk in Iceland: a case study in a watershed prone to ice-jam floods 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Understanding and improving the public perception has become an important element in the management of flood risk worldwide.
In Iceland, studying perception of flood hazard and flood risk is, however, in its early stages. This paper presents a case
study on the public perception of flood hazard and flood risk in an Icelandic town prone to ice-jam floods. Awareness of the
population regarding historical inundations, self estimation of flood risk and worry is considered. The factual knowledge
of the residents is deconstructed in flood hazard parameters accessible to the lay population: number of events, dates, genesis
and boundaries. The performance of the respondents is rated for each parameter and the influence of several predictors evaluated.
The research shows three significant patterns: there is poor awareness and little worry about historical inundations in the
area; experience of the past flooding events in town is the most effective source of knowledge; awareness, risk estimation
and worry are not correlated. 相似文献
677.
678.
Yimin Wang Xiaohong Wang Wenjun Qu Yushu Gao Tiexin Gu Xingtao Fan S.I. Andreev Xuefa Shi 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2011,35(3):341-352
Two Co‐rich seamount crust reference materials, MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2, were prepared using ultra‐fine particle size milling technique and characterised for the platinum‐group elements (PGEs). The raw material for these two reference materials was collected separately from the Magellan seamounts of the western Pacific Ocean and the seamounts of the central Pacific Ocean by Russian and Chinese scientists. First, they were ground by ball mill to a ?200 mesh powder, then further processed by ultra‐fine jet mill and well‐mixed. The particle size distributions of the samples were tested by a laser particle analyser; the average particle size was 1.8 and 1.5 μm (equal to about 2000 mesh) respectively. The homogeneity of six major and minor elements in these two materials was tested at the milligram level of sampling mass by high‐precision wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and at the microgram level of sampling mass by electron probe microanalyser. The homogeneity of more than forty trace elements, including Pt, was tested at the microgram level of sampling mass by LA‐ICP‐MS. Except for Rh, all PGEs were determined by isotope dilution‐ICP‐MS. Platinum in MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2 was characterised as certified values, whereas the other five PGEs in MCPt‐1 and MCPt‐2 were reported as reference values. In addition, the information values of sixty‐two major, minor and trace elements were obtained by XRF, ICP‐AES and ICP‐MS. The minimum sampling mass for the determination of PGEs was 1 g, while the minimum sampling mass for the determination of the other elements was 2–5 mg. 相似文献
679.
新安矿区主采煤层上部至小浪底库区水体之间地层主要以砂岩、泥岩和砂质泥岩互层为主,厚度90~210m。为研究该矿开采状态下上覆岩层破坏程度和导水裂隙发育高度,在井下3个不同采厚的工作面上布置了7个地面钻孔,采用声波扫描成像测井及其它测井参数对采前、采后上覆岩层进行动态观测。以K3钻孔为例,介绍了超声波扫描成像测井的原理及辨别井孔中裂缝发育程度的方法。K3孔在第一次测量时,井深217~218m处明显存在裂隙,但在第二次测量后该裂隙呈现出闭合反应,证实煤层开采放顶后上部岩石下沉使得原有裂隙闭合;同时发现自194m以上因煤层采空放顶后发育有高度为69.10m的裂隙带。根据新安煤矿K2、K3、K5、K6、K7号孔超声波扫描成像及其它常规测井的地质解释成果可见,该矿导水裂隙带的发育高度随着推进距离和采厚增大而增大,但新安矿区软硬互层上覆岩层的地质构造可有效抑制导水裂隙带的发育程度。 相似文献
680.
Detection of 36 antibiotics in coastal waters using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Among pharmaceuticals and personal care products released into the aquatic environment, antibiotics are of particular concern, because of their ubiquity and health effects. Although scientists have recently paid more attention to the threat of antibiotics to coastal ecosystems, researchers have often focused on relatively few antibiotics, because of the absence of suitable analytical methods. We have therefore developed a method for the rapid detection of 36 antibiotic residues in coastal waters, including tetracyclines (TCs), sulfanilamides (SAs), and quinolones (QLs). The method consists of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. The SPE was performed with Oasis HLB and Oasis MCX cartridges. Chromatographic separation on a C18 column was achieved using a binary eluent containing methanol and water with 0.1% formic acid. Typical recoveries of the analytes ranged from 67.4% to 109.3% at a fortification level of 100 ng/L. The precision of the method, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD), was below 14.6% for all the compounds. The limits of detection (LODs) varied from 0.45 pg to 7.97 pg. The method was applied to determine the target analytes in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea in Liaoning, China. Among the tested antibiotics, 31 were found in coastal waters, with their concentrations between the LOD and 212.5 ng/L. These data indicate that this method is valid for analysis of antibiotics in coastal waters. The study first reports such a large number of antibiotics along the Yellow Sea coast of Liaoning, and should facilitate future comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics in coastal ecosystems. 相似文献