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881.
N. V. Sobolev F. V. Kaminsky W. L. Griffin E. S. Yefimova T. T. Win C. G. Ryan A. I. Botkunov 《Lithos》1997,39(3-4):135-157
The Sputnik kimberlite pipe is a small “satellite” of the larger Mir pipe in central Yakutia (Sakha), Russia. Study of 38 large diamonds (0.7-4.9 carats) showed that nine contain inclusions of the eclogitic paragenesis, while the remainder contain inclusions of the peridotitic paragenesis, or of uncertain paragenesis. The peridotitic inclusion suite comprises olivine, enstatite, Cr-diopside, chromite, Cr-pyrope garnet (both lherzolitic and harzburgitic), ilmenite, Ni-rich sulfide and a Ti-Cr-Fe-Mg-Sr-K phase of the lindsleyite-mathiasite (LIMA) series. The eclogitic inclusion suite comprises omphacite, garnet, Ni-poor sulfide, phlogopite and rutile. Peridotitic ilmenite inclusions have high Mg, Cr and Ni contents and high Nb/Zr ratios; they may be related to metasomatic ilmenites known from peridotite xenoliths in kimberlite. Eclogitic phlogopite is intergrown with omphacite, coexists with garnet, and has an unusually high TiO2 content. Comparison with inclusions in diamonds from Mir shows general similarities, but differences in details of trace-element patterns. Large compositional variations among inclusions of one phase (olivine, garnet, chromite) within single diamonds indicate that the chemical environment of diamond crystallisation changed rapidly relative to diamond growth rates in many cases. P-T conditions of formation were calculated from multiphase inclusions and from trace element geothermobarometry of single inclusions. The geotherm at the time of diamond formation was near a 35 mW/m2 conductive model; that is indistinguishable from the Paleozoic geotherm derived by studies of xenoliths and concentrate minerals from Mir. A range of Ni temperatures between garnet inclusions in single diamonds from both Mir and Sputnik suggests that many of the diamonds grew during thermal events affecting a relatively narrow depth range of the lithosphere, within the diamond stability field. The minor differences between inclusions in Mir and Sputnik may reflect lateral heterogeneity in the upper mantle. 相似文献
882.
A nitrogen isotope study of soil water and groundwater in southern Indiana, USA, in 1991–1992 demonstrated considerable variations
in nitrate degradation processes compared to an earlier investigation in 1986–1987. Although N-fertilizers were applied in
May 1991, the δ15N values in soil water decreased in February 1992, indicating its delayed release into the system after substantial rainfall.
The δ15N values of groundwater decreased from +12.3‰ in November 1991 to +11.3‰ in February 1992, and to +7.5‰ in March 1992. The
increased residence time of nitrate in the soil resulted in increased denitrification, ammonia volatilization and plant uptake,
and reduced threat to the groundwater quality. The 1986–1987 study in the area reported that excessive rainfall during the
summer rapidly transported the nitrate to deeper horizons and drastically reduced volatilization and microbial reduction of
nitrate, thus increasing the immediate threat to the groundwater quality in the area. The present study demonstrated that
nitrogen isotopic signatures can be used to determine the effects of local soil type, rainfall, and land-use practices on
the fate of nitrate in the subsurface.
Received: 18 February 1997 · Accepted: 17 June 1997 相似文献
883.
Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Sikait leucogranite, Egypt: an example of S-type granite in a metapelitic sequence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Sikait leucogranite (SLG) is a body of porphyritic garnet granite intruded a metapelitic sequence and interlayered orthogneisses.
Multiple deformation and low- to medium-grade metamorphism of the sequence was closely associated with pluton emplacement.
Textural features of the SLG indicate that subsolidus plastic deformation was induced during the extensive thrusting. The
granite is strongly peraluminous, alkali-rich and HFS (high field-strength) elements-depleted with low contents of REE, all
facts that substantiate the geochemical characteristics of S-type granites.
The geologic and geochemical features are consistent with a dehydration melting model of the hosted metapelites to generate
the peraluminous SLG. However, geochemical modelling of trace elements and REEs suggest that the anatectic partial melt was
subsequently affected by fractional crystallization of feldspars. This could explain much of the chemical attributes of SLG.
Received: 20 September 1994 / Accepted: 2 August 1996 相似文献
884.
885.
The 1900–1700 Ma Waterberg Group in the main Waterberg fault-bounded basin consists of dominantly coarse siliciclastic red
beds with minor volcanic rocks. The sedimentary rocks were deposited mainly by alluvial fans, fluvial braidplains and transgressive
shallow marine environments, with lesser lacustrine and aeolian settings. Uplifted, largely granitic source areas were located
along the Thabazimbi-Murchison lineament (TML) fault system in the south, and along the Palala shear zone in the northeast.
Palaeoplacer titanomagnetite-ilmenite-zircon heavy mineral deposits, best developed in the Cleremont Formation in the centre
of the basin, reflect initial fluvial reworking and subsequent littoral marine concentration. Coarse alluvial cassiterite
placer deposits are found in the Gatkop area in the southwest of the basin, and appear to have been derived from stanniferous
Bushveld Complex lithologies south of the TML. Hydrothermal zinc and U-Cu mineralisation in the Alma lithologies in the same
area appears to be related to the TML fault system. Small manganese deposits and anomalous tungsten values occur in the south
of the basin, where they are again closely spatially associated with the TML. Copper-barium mineralisation is found associated
with dolerite dykes, and in stratigraphically controlled, inferred syngenetic settings. The most interesting of these apparently
syngenetic occurrences is found within green coloured reduced mudrocks and inferred volcanic rocks, at an unconformity developed
within the overall red bed sequence of the Waterberg Group, adjacent to the TML in the southwest of the basin. The most important
potential mineralisation in the main Waterberg basin thus encompasses shoreline placer Ti and the possibility of substantial
sediment-hosted copper deposits.
Received: 31 May 1996 / Accepted: 17 February 1997 相似文献
886.
Summary A detailed mineralogical investigation of a Pian di Celle sill rock (San Venanzo, Italy), classified asmelilitolite and associated withvenanzite and carbonatitic pyroclasts, revealed new and rare mineral parageneses, considered as characteristic of thekamafugite-carbonatite association. These are formed by several accessory minerals, including minerals of the cuspidine family, götzenite, khibinskite, minerals of the rhodesite- delhayelite- macdonaldite family, pyrrhotite, bartonite and (Fe, Ni, Co) monoarsenide, mostly optically and chemically identified also in fluid inclusions. The chemical composition of these minerals and their probable crystallisation succession, deduced from textural relationships, demonstrates extensive atomic substitutions, notably for Ca, Ti, Mg and alkali, essentially reflecting high concentrations of REE, Sr, Ba, Nb and Zr, which significantly varied during crystallisation. Molecular alkali excess over Al and high Ca content in (H2O, F, CO2)-rich, Siundersaturated liquid(s) are considered the dominant factors in controlling the stability of disilicate-type minerals. Separation of the carbonatite liquid from the silicate magma, constrained by textural and fluid inclusion data, was fundamental in moving the residuum onto a strongly peralkaline trend which stabilised the sulphides under changed redox conditions.
With 2 Figures 相似文献
Die Bedeutung seltener und neuer Mineral-Paragenesen aus der kamafugit-karbonatit-Assoziation: Der melilitolit von San Venanzo, Italien
Zusammenfassung Eine eingehende mineralogische Untersuchung eines Lagerganges von Pian di Celle, der als Melilitolit klassifiziert and mit Venanzit and karbonatitischen Pyroklasten assoziiert ist, ergab neue and seltene Mineral-Paragenesen, die als charakteristisch für die Kamafugit-Karbonatit-Assoziation gelten. Diese bestehen aus verschiedenen akzessorischen Mineralien, darunter Perovskit, Cuspidin, Götzenit, Khibinskit, Delhayelit, Macdonaldit, Bardonit and (Fe, Ni, Co) Monoarsenit; diese werden in Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen mit optischen and chemischen Methoden identifiziert. Die chemische Zusammensetzung dieser Minerale and ihre wahrscheinliche Kristallisationsabfolge, aus texturellen Beziehungen abgeleitet, zeigt extensive Substitutionen, vor allem für Ca, Ti, Mg and Alkelien, die im wesentlichen hohe Gehalte an SEE, Sr, Ba, Mb and Zr andeuten, die während der Kristallisation beträchtlichen Schwankungen unterlagen. Molekularer Alkali überschuß über Al in (H2O, F, CO2)-reichen Si-untersättigten Fluiden werden als wichtigste Faktoren für die Stabilität von Mineralen des DisilikatTyps gesehen. Trennung des Karbonatites vom Silikat, die durch texturelle und Flüssigkeitseinschluß-Daten genau fixiert werden konnte, war wichtig für die Verschiebung des Residuums auf einen deutlich peralkalinen Trend, welcher die Sulfide unter veränderten Redox-Bedingungen stabilisieren konnte.
With 2 Figures 相似文献
887.
Geochemical exploration for platinum-group elements in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
H. J. Wilhelm H. Zhang F. L. Chen J. H. Elsenbroek M. Lombard D. de Bruin 《Mineralium Deposita》1997,32(4):349-361
Analyses of stream sediment and soil samples from the Bushveld Complex, South Africa have revealed enhanced precious metal
concentrations, which can be related both to mining activities and the presence of hidden concentrations of platinum-group
elements (PGEs) and gold. The economically important PGE deposits hosted by the Upper Critical Zone of the Rustenburg Layered
Suite are revealed by a high PGE and Au content in the overlying soils. A second zone of elevated precious metal concentrations
straddles the boundary between the Main and Upper Zones and has to date been traced for more than 100 km. This zone follows
the igneous layering of the Rustenburg Layered Suite and is offset by the Brits Graben. It is therefore thought to be the
reflection of a magmatic PGE-Au mineralisation.
Received: 31 May 1996 / Accepted: 7 January 1997 相似文献
888.
889.
Detailed study of the Aljustrel volcanic rocks, through petrography, mineral chemistry, whole-rock geochemistry, and previously
published stable isotope data, show that the rocks experienced extreme metasomatism. The metasomatic phenomena presented are
explained accurately by a sea-water convective model. The evolution of the sea-water-derived fluid as it progresses downwards
through the rocks is evident, from cold, oxidising, Mg-bearing, to hot, reducing, Mg-free, and enriched in Si, Fe, Cu, Zn.
Several lines of evidence (feldspar mineralogy, paragenetic relations between regional and ore-zone alteration, and stable
isotope data) show that the temperature of the hydrothermal circulation increased through time, and that the water-to-rock
ratio evolved from very high to low values. According to our data, about 30 ppm Cu and some 100 ppm Zn were removed from the
Aljustrel Volcanics. This implies, for both metals, the same amount of leached rock to produce the 2 Mt Cu and 6 Mt Zn contained
in the massive sulphide deposits of the Aljustrel area. With regard to Fe, about 1% was on average removed from the rocks,
producing enough metal to account for all the Fe in the MS deposits and overlying chemical sediments. This study documents
semi-quantitatively the provenance of the main metals in major massive sulphide deposits via sea water leaching of the immediate
host rocks.
Received: 1 February 1997 / Accepted: 30 July 1997 相似文献
Resumen (translated by E. Pascual) Un estudio detallado de las rocas volcánicas de Aljustrel, mediante petrografia, química mineral, geoquímica de roca total y datos de isótopos estables previamente publicados muestra que estas rocas han sufrido metasomatismo en grado extremo. Los fenómenos metasomáticos presentados se explican con precisión mediante un modelo convectivo con agua de mar. Es evidente la evolución del fluido derivado del agua de mar conforme progresa en profundidad a través de las rocas, desde un fluido frío, oxidante y con magnesio a otro reductor, sin magnesio y enriquecido en Si, Fe, Cu y Zn. Varias líneas de evidencia (mineralogía de los feldespatos, relaciones paragenéticas entre la alteración regional y de las zonas mineralizadas, isótopos estables) muestran que la temperatura y la circulación hidrotermal se incrementaron con el tiempo y que la relación agua-roca evolucionó de valores muy altos a bajos. De acuerdo con nuestros datos, de las rocas volcánicas de Aljustrel se han extraído unas 30 ppm de Cu y unas 100 ppm de Zn. Esto implica, para ambos metales, que la misma roca lixiviada ha producido los 2 Mt de Cu y los 6 Mt de Zn contenidos en los depósitos de sulfuros masivos del área de Aljustrel. En cuanto al Fe, una media de alrededor de 1% fue extraída de las rocas, produciendo metal suficiente para explicar todo el Fe de los depósitos de sulfuros masivos y de los sedimentos químicos suprayacentes. Este estudio documenta de forma semicuantitativa la procedencia de los principales metales en depósitos mayores de sulfuros masivos, mediante lixiviado por agua de mar de sus rocas huéspedes inmediatas.
Received: 1 February 1997 / Accepted: 30 July 1997 相似文献
890.
T. F. D. Nielsen I. P. Solovova I. V. Veksler 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1997,126(4):331-344
Perovskite and melilite crystals from melilitolites of the ultramafic alkaline Gardiner complex (East Greenland) contain
crystallised melt inclusions derived from: (1) melilitite; (2) low-alkali carbonatite; (3) natrocarbonatite. The melilitite
inclusion (1) homogenisation temperature of 1060 °C is similar to liquidus temperatures of experimentally investigated natural
melilitites. The compositions are peralkaline, low in MgO (ca.␣5 wt%), Ni and Cr, and they are low-pressure fractionates of
more magnesian larnite-normative ultramafic lamprophyre-type melts of primary mantle origin. Low-alkali carbonatite compositions
(2) homogenise at 1060–1030 °C and are compositionally similar to immiscible calcite carbonatite dykes derived from the melilitolite
magma. Natrocarbonatite inclusions (3) homogenise between 1030 and 900 °C and are compositionally similar to natrocarbonatite
lava from Oldoinyo Lengai. Nephelinitic to phonolitic dykes which are related to the calcite carbonatite dykes, are very Zr-rich
and agpaitic (molecular Na2O + K2O/Al2O3 > 1.2) and resemble nephelinites of Oldoinyo Lengai. The petrographic, geochemical and temporal relationships indicate unmixing
of carbonatite compositions (ca. 10% alkalies) from evolving melilitite melt and continued fractionation of melilitite to
nephelinite. It is suggested that the natrocarbonatite compositions represent degassed supercritical high temperature fluid
formed in a cooling body of strongly larnite-normative nephelinite or evolved melilitite. The Gardiner complex and similar
melilitolite and carbonatite-bearing ultramafic alkaline complexes are believed to represent subvolcanic complexes formed
beneath volcanoes comparable to Oldoinyo Lengai and that the suggested origin of natrocarbonatite may be applied to natrocarbonatites
of Oldoinyo Lengai.
Received: 18 January 1996 / Accepted: 2 September 1996 相似文献