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61.
Gary A. Briggs 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,23(4):489-502
Past work on analyzing ground-source diffusion data in terms of surface-layer similarity theory is reviewed; these analyses assume that
z
/L orh/L is a function of u
*
x/L (where h = Q/ dy). It is argued that an alternative scaling, h
*/L versus x/L, is nearly as universal in that it is very weakly influenced by surface roughness, except for a modest influence in the free convective case (h
* = Q/u
* dy); the advantage of this scaling is that it eliminates the need to reassess as vertical diffusion progresses. The Prairie Grass data set is adjusted for the difference in source and sampling heights, and is plotted with this scaling. Simple analytic equations are suggested that fit the resultant data plots for stable and unstable conditions, and suggestions are made towards practical application of these results.On assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. 相似文献
62.
An experimental investigation of high-temperature interactions between seawater and rhyolite,andesite, basalt and peridotite 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Natural seawater was allowed to react with rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and peridotite at 200°–500° C, and 1,000 bars at water/rock mass ratios of 5 and 50 in order to investigate the effects of rock type, water/rock ratio, and temperature on solution chemistry and alteration mineralogy. The results indicate that interactions of seawater with various igneous rocks are similar in the production of a hydrous Mg-silicate and anhydrite as major alteration products. Fluids involved in the interactions lose Mg to alteration phases while leaching Fe, Mn, and Si from the rocks. The pH of the solutions is primarily controlled by Mg-OH-silicate formation and therefore varies with Mg and Si concentration of the system. Other reactions which involve Mg (such as Mg-Ca exchange) or which produce free H+, cause major differences in fluid chemistry between different seawater/ rock systems. High water/rock ratio systems (50/1) are generally more acidic and more efficient in leaching than low ratio systems (5/1), due to relatively more seawater Mg available for Mgsilicate production. The experiments show that large-scale seawater/rock interaction could exert considerable control on the chemistry of seawater, as well as producing large bodies of altered rock with associated ore-deposits.Active plate margins of convergence or divergence are suitable environments for hydrothermal systems due to the concurrence of igneous activity, tectonism, and a nearby water reservoir (seawater or connate water). The experimental data indicate that seawater interactions with igneous host rocks could generate many of the features of ore-deposits such as the Kuroko deposits of Japan, the Raul Mine of Peru, the Bleida deposit of Morocco, and deposits associated with ophiolites. Serpentinization of peridotite and alteration of igneous complexes associated with plate margins can also be explained by seawater interaction with the cooling rock. Geothermal energy production could benefit from experimental investigations of hot water/rock systems by development of chemical, temperature, and pressure control systems to maximize the lifetime of hydrothermal flow. 相似文献
63.
Gary K. Greenhut 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1983,27(4):387-391
The surface resistance of a pine forest to ozone uptake is calculated from aircraft data obtained in southern New Jersey. The resistances are 130 and 300 s m-1 for the afternoon and early evening, respectively, in good agreement with estimates used by Galbally and Roy (1980) in their calculation of global surface destruction of ozone. 相似文献
64.
Fredric L. Prikle Thomas R. Bement Jo Ann Howell Charles D. Koch Newton K. Stablein Richard J. Beckman Gary L. Tietjen 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1983,18(3):175-187
Throughout the aerial radiometric reconnaissance survey portion of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program, the identification of outliers (anomalies) was an important approach to locating regions with radio-element concentrations that are either higher or lower than expected. The method introduced herein to locate such regions involves three steps: selection of a high (or low) threshold for the variate of interest; use of the sample percentile to identify all points of interest; and movement of a window over the selected data to locate significant clusters of observations. These steps, applied to aerial radiometric 214Bi (equivalent uranium) data collected over the Copper Mountain area in Wyoming, resulted in the identification of areas enriched in that variate. 相似文献
65.
In this paper, we present a model of the plasma beta above an active region and discuss its consequences in terms of coronal magnetic field modeling. The -plasma model is representative and derived from a collection of sources. The resulting variation with height in the solar atmosphere is used to emphasize that the assumption that the magnetic pressure dominates over the plasma pressure must be carefully employed when extrapolating the magnetic field. This paper points out (1) that the paradigm that the coronal magnetic field can be constructed from a force-free magnetic field must be used in the correct context, since the force-free region is sandwiched between two regions which have >1, (2) that the chromospheric Mgii–Civ magnetic measurements occur near the -minimum, and (3) that, moving from the photosphere upwards, can return to 1 at relatively low coronal heights, e.g., R1.2 R
s. 相似文献
66.
Ramzi Touchan Elena Xoplaki Gary Funkhouser Jürg Luterbacher Malcolm K. Hughes Nesat Erkan Ünal Akkemik Jean Stephan 《Climate Dynamics》2005,25(1):75-98
This study represents the first large-scale systematic dendroclimatic sampling focused on developing chronologies from different
species in the eastern Mediterranean region. Six reconstructions were developed from chronologies ranging in length from 115 years
to 600 years. The first reconstruction (1885–2000) was derived from principal components (PCs) of 36 combined chronologies.
The remaining five, 1800–2000, 1700–2000, 1600–2000, 1500–2000 and 1400–2000 were developed from PCs of 32, 18, 14, 9, and
7 chronologies, respectively. Calibration and verification statistics for the period 1931–2000 show good levels of skill for
all reconstructions. The longest period of consecutive dry years, defined as those with less than 90% of the mean of the observed
May–August precipitation, was 5 years (1591–1595) and occurred only once during the last 600 years. The longest reconstructed
wet period was 5 years (1601–1605 and 1751–1755). No long term trends were found in May–August precipitation during the last
few centuries. Regression maps are used to identify the influence of large-scale atmospheric circulation on regional precipitation.
In general, tree-ring indices are influenced by May–August precipitation, which is driven by anomalous below (above) normal
pressure at all atmospheric levels and by convection (subsidence) and small pressure gradients at sea level. These atmospheric
conditions also control the anomaly surface air temperature distribution which indicates below (above) normal values in the
southern regions and warmer (cooler) conditions north of around 40°N. A compositing technique is used to extract information
on large-scale climate signals from extreme wet and dry summers for the second half of the twentieth century and an independent
reconstruction over the last 237 years. Similar main modes of atmospheric patterns and surface air temperature distribution
related to extreme dry and wet summers were identified both for the most recent 50 years and the last 237 years. Except for
the last few decades, running correlation analyses between the major European-scale circulation patterns and eastern Mediteranean
spring/summer precipitation over the last 237 years are non-stationary and insignificant, suggesting that local and/or sub-regional
geographic factors and processes are important influences on tree-ring variability over the last few centuries. 相似文献
67.
Assessment of Exploration Bias in Data-Driven Predictive Models and the Estimation of Undiscovered Resources 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The spatial distribution of discovered resources may not fully mimic the distribution of all such resources, discovered and
undiscovered, because the process of discovery is biased by accessibility factors (e.g., outcrops, roads, and lakes) and by
exploration criteria. In data-driven predictive models, the use of training sites (resource occurrences) biased by exploration
criteria and accessibility does not necessarily translate to a biased predictive map. However, problems occur when evidence
layers correlate with these same exploration factors. These biases then can produce a data-driven model that predicts known
occurrences well, but poorly predicts undiscovered resources.
Statistical assessment of correlation between evidence layers and map-based exploration factors is difficult because it is
difficult to quantify the “degree of exploration.” However, if such a degree-of-exploration map can be produced, the benefits
can be enormous. Not only does it become possible to assess this correlation, but it becomes possible to predict undiscovered,
instead of discovered, resources.
Using geothermal systems in Nevada, USA, as an example, a degree-of-exploration model is created, which then is resolved into
purely explored and unexplored equivalents, each occurring within coextensive study areas. A weights-of-evidence (WofE) model
is built first without regard to the degree of exploration, and then a revised WofE model is calculated for the “explored
fraction” only. Differences in the weights between the two models provide a correlation measure between the evidence and the
degree of exploration.
The data used to build the geothermal evidence layers are perceived to be independent of degree of exploration. Nevertheless,
the evidence layers correlate with exploration because exploration has preferred the same favorable areas identified by the
evidence patterns. In this circumstance, however, the weights for the “explored” WofE model minimize this bias. Using these
revised weights, posterior probability is extrapolated into unexplored areas to estimate undiscovered deposits. 相似文献
68.
Although previous seismic monitoring studies have revealed several relationships between seismic responses and changes in reservoir rock properties, the quantitative evaluation of time‐lapse seismic data remains a challenge. In most cases of time‐lapse seismic analysis, fluid and/or pressure changes are detected qualitatively by changes in amplitude strength, traveltime and/or Poisson's ratio. We present the steps for time‐lapse seismic analysis, considering the pressure effect and the saturation scale of fluids. We then demonstrate a deterministic workflow for computing the fluid saturation in a reservoir in order to evaluate time‐lapse seismic data. In this approach, we derive the physical properties of the water‐saturated sandstone reservoir, based on the following inputs: VP, VS, ρ and the shale volume from seismic analysis, the average properties of sand grains, and formation‐water properties. Next, by comparing the in‐situ fluid‐saturated properties with the 100% formation‐water‐saturated reservoir properties, we determine the bulk modulus and density of the in‐situ fluid. Solving three simultaneous equations (relating the saturations of water, oil and gas in terms of the bulk modulus, density and the total saturation), we compute the saturation of each fluid. We use a real time‐lapse seismic data set from an oilfield in the North Sea for a case study. 相似文献
69.