Present Situation of Core Mercury Injection Technology of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoir

<正>Unconventional oil and gas step into a new area of global oil and gas exploration due to the success of the development of shale gas of America.Unconventional tight reservoir has huge differents with conventional reservoirs,including cell aggregation,migration patterns,source configuration storage,reservoir characteristics,flow mechanism and so on,which is     

Compositions and Pressure–Temperature Conditions of Metamorphic Fluids Overprinting the Talate VMS Pb–Zn Deposit, Southern Altay, China

The Talate Pb-Zn deposit,located in the east of the NW-SE extending Devonian Kelan volcanic-sedimentary basin of the southern Altaides,occurs in the metamorphic rock series of the upper second lithological section of the lower Devonian lower Kangbutiebao Formation(D_1k_1~2).The Pb-Zn orebodies are stratiform and overprinted by late sulfide—quartz veins.Two distinct mineralization periods were identified:a submarine volcanic sedimentary exhalation period and a metamorphic hydrothermal mineralization period.The metamorphic overprinting period can be further divided into two stages:an early stage characterized by bedding-parallel lentoid quartz veins developed in the chlorite schist and leptite of the ore-bearing horizon,and a late stage represented by pyritechalcopyrite-quartz veins crosscutting chlorite schist and leptite or the massive Pb-Zn ores.Fluid inclusions in the early metamorphic quartz veins are mainly CO_2-H_2O-NaCI and carbonic(CO_2±CH_4±N_2) inclusions with minor aqueous inclusions.The CO_2-H_2O-NaCl inclusions have homogenization temperatures of 294-368℃,T_(m,CO2) of-62.6 to-60.5℃,T_(h,CO2) of 7.7 to 29.6℃(homogenized into liquid),and salinities of 5.5-7.4 wt%NaCl eqv.The carbonic inclusions have T_(m,CO2)of-60.1 to-58.5℃,and T_(h,Co2) of-4.2 to 20.6℃.Fluid inclusions in late sulfide quartz veins are also dominated by CO_2-H_2O-NaCl and CO_2±CH_4 inclusions.The CO_2-H_2O-NaCl inclusions have T_(b,tot) of142 to 360℃,T_(m,CO2)of-66.0 to-56.6℃,T_(h,CO2) of-6.0 to 29.4℃(homogenized into liquid) and salinities of 2.4-16.5 wt%NaCl eqv.The carbonic inclusions have T_(m,Co2)of-61.5 to-57.3℃,and T_(h,CO2) of-27.0to 28.7℃.The aqueous inclusions(L-V) have T_(m,ice) of-9.8 to-1.3℃ and T_(h,tot) of 205 to 412℃.The P-T trapping conditions of CO_2-rich fluid inclusions(100-370 MPa,250-368℃) are comparable with the late- to post-regional metamorphism conditions.The CO_2-rich fluids,possibly derived from regional metamorphism,were involved in the reworking and metal enrichment of the primary ores.Based on these results,the Talate Pb-Zn deposit is classified as a VMS deposit modified by metamorphic fluids.The massive Pb-Zn ores with banded and breccia structures were developed in the early period of submarine volcanic sedimentary exhalation associated with an extensional subduction-related back-arc basin,and the quartz veins bearing polymetallic sulfides were formed in the late period of metamorphic hydrothermal superimposition related to the Permian-Triassic continental collision.     

Exhumation History of the Xining Basin Since the Mesozoic and Its Tectonic Significance

The Xining Basin is located in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and its continuous Cenozoic strata record the entire uplift and outgrowth history of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic. The newly obtained apatite fission track data presented here shows that the Xining Basin and two marginal mountain ranges have experienced multiphase rapid cooling since the Jurassic, as follows. In the Middle–Late Jurassic, the rapid exhumation of the former Xining Basin resulted from collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Tarim Block. During the Early–Late Cretaceous, the former Xining Basin underwent a tectonic event due to marginal compression, causing the angular unconformity between the Upper and Lower Cretaceous. In the Late Cretaceous to the Early Cenozoic, collision between the Qiangtang Block and the Lhasa Block may have resulted in the rapid exhumation of the Xining Basin and the Lajishan to the south. In the Early Cenozoic(ca. 50–30 Ma), collision between the Indian and Eurasia plates affected the region that corresponds to the present northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. During this period, the central Qilian Block rotated clockwise by approximately 24° to form a wedge-shaped basin(i.e., the Xining Basin) opening to the west. During ca. 17–8 Ma, the entire northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau underwent dramatic deformation, and the Lajishan uplifted rapidly owing to the northward compression of the Guide Basin from the south. A marked change in subsidence occurred in the Xining Basin during this period, when the basin was tectonically inverted.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Volcanic Rocks from ODP Site 794, Yamato Basin: Implications for Deep Mantle Processes of the Japan Sea

Deep mantle processes and the dynamic mechanism of magmatism in the Japan Sea Basin are important processes that have not been studied in detail. In this paper, systematic evaluation of basalt samples from the ocean drilling program Site 794 in the Japan Sea was performed, which included petrography, whole-rock major- and trace-element analysis, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic composition, and electron microprobe analysis of plagioclase and clinopyroxene. These basalts belong to the tholeiitic series with porphyritic texture and massive Ca-rich plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and minor olivine phenocrysts. The basalts are characterized as flat rare earth elements and high-field-strength elements with remarkably low ratios of(La/Yb)N(0.75–2.51), significant positive anomalies of Ba, Sr, and Rb and no Eu anomaly(δEu = 0.99–1.36). The samples showed relatively high 87Sr/86Sr(0.70425–0.70522), 207Pb/204Pb(15.511–15.610), and 208Pb/204Pb(38.064–38.557) values and a low 143Nd/144 Nd ratio(0.51271–0.51295). The basalts from Site 794 can be divided into upper, middle, and lower volcanic rocks(UVR, MVR, and LVR) on the basis of their stratigraphic level. The MVR was geochemically derived from the depleted mantle, whereas the UVR and LVR originated from a nondepleted and relatively enriched mantle source with contributions from subducted Pacific plate fluid and sediments. Use of geothermobarometers indicates that the crystallization pressure for the UVR and LVR(6.25–11.19 kbar) was significantly higher than that of the MVR(3.48–5.84 kbar). The UVR and LVR may have been derived from the low-degree(5%–10%) partial melting of spinel lherzolite, while the MVR originated from a shallower mantle source with a high degree(10%–20%) of partial melting. In addition, the geochemical characteristics of the samples are consistent with a younger age(13–17 Ma) and the depleted composition of the MVR and an older age(17–23 Ma) and slightly enriched composition of the UVR and LVR. Therefore, temporal changes in the mantle source from old and enriched to young and depleted and subsequently to old and nondepleted may have been associated with progressive lithospheric extension and thinning, as well as at least two episodes of diverse asthenospheric upwelling and pull-apart tectonic motion in the Yamato Basin.     

Composition and Textual Characterization of Platinum-group Mineral (PGM) in Chromites from Zedang Ophiolite in Tibet, China

<正>1 Introduction Platinum-group elements(PGE)are mainly concentrated in some specific minerals known as PGMs,which commonly occur in podiform chromites of ophiolites.In-situ PGM assemblages in chromites can provide valuable information on the physico-chemical nature of the parental melt(s)from which chromitite     

煤系沉积岩应力–应变与应变–渗透率特征

通过对济宁三号煤矿岩样进行现场采取和室内试验分析,探究对开采有威胁的3煤层顶板砂岩和红层的渗透率特征。试验结果表明,中粗砂岩的渗透率最大,泥岩样的渗透率相对较小;应力对岩石的渗透率有很大的影响,主要体现在节理的法向闭合和剪胀效应,其中应力剪胀能显著地改变岩石节理的渗透性;岩石应变渗透率曲线,表现出渗透率峰值"滞后"的特点;在岩石处于弹塑性阶段时候,渗透率的变化剧烈且具有不可预测性,然而岩石渗透率与体积应变有很好的一致性。通过对实验结果的归纳总结,本文将岩石在全应力应变过程中渗透率变化划分成5个阶段:微裂隙压密闭合阶段、微裂隙随机扩展阶段、裂隙扩展贯通阶段、裂隙错动充分发育阶段和裂隙二次闭合阶段。     

黄河上游某灌区地下水防污性能评价及预测

以黄河上游某灌区的地下水为研究对象,分别建立灌区潜水的DASLTCU模型和承压水DLCA模型对灌区地下水进行防污性能评价。选取潜水埋深(D)、含水层厚度(A)、地表土层厚度(S)、地表坡度(L)、地表岩性(T)、含水层渗透系数(C)、灌区现状图(U)作为灌区潜水的综合防污性能评价因子;选取承压水埋深(D)、隔水层岩性(L)、隔水层连续性(C)、隔水层厚度(A)作为灌区承压水的防污性能评价因子;应用ARCGIS和MODELFLOW对灌区地下水的综合防污性能进行评价和预测。得出现有灌溉规模下,潜水综合防污性差及较差地区占总面积24%,中等及以上地区占76%,灌区综合防污性总体较好。绘制出灌区潜水的现状防污性能分区图及30年后潜水的综合防污性能预测分区图。     

南北构造带北部石炭纪东西沉积边界分合演变及其地质意义

南北构造带是中国大陆地质构造及深部过程和地表系统的重要分界线,也是地震活动的多发地带,对其在前中生代是否存在、不同时期各区带的构造属性和联系研究薄弱。文中以南北构造带北部为研究对象,重点讨论其中南段,探讨研究区石炭纪地质构造特征及其与具分区意义的南北构造带形成演化的联系。研究表明,在石炭纪,今南北构造带北部所在地区处于伸展裂陷环境,断裂活动强烈,总体控制着河西走廊—北祁连沉积域的东界和隆拗格局及沉积厚度等变化。南北构造带北部及其西沉积区的断裂活动和沉积演化,经历了前黑山期初始裂陷、臭牛沟期进一步(向北)扩张、土坡期沉积-沉降鼎盛及太原期衰减4个阶段。其中于晚石炭世土坡晚期(本溪期)和太原期,东(华北)、西沉积域的沉积范围均向南北构造带北部扩展,先后经历了北部连通到全部相通的演变过程。石炭纪各期诸断裂与中、新生代断裂在位置和方向上具有明显的相关性,反映二者成生和演化联系密切。南北构造带北部及邻区,在石炭纪主要时期分隔华北和河西走廊—北祁连两大沉积域,东、西沉积域的沉积边界在该区带的分合演变和建造特征及断裂的主控因素,显示该区带在石炭纪已属具明显分区作用的重要地质构造单元,为此后南北构造带北部的进一步发展演化和重要的构造地位奠定了基础。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中南部晚三叠世延长期区域构造环境转变的沉积响应

以大量砂岩碎屑矿物定量鉴定资料为基础,通过对砂岩碎屑组分特征及其变化的综合分析,系统剖析了鄂尔多斯盆地中南部延长组长10—长1层砂岩类型、骨架轻矿物、岩屑组分等在平、剖面上的分布规律和变化特点。研究揭示,盆地在延长组长8与长7层沉积期间,出现了明显的沉积变革事件。在砂岩类型、矿物组分及源区大地构造背景等方面,大致以华池—黄陵一线为界,长7期以来盆地西南与东北沉积区差异显著,开始出现与长7期之前明显不同的沉积分区。结合盆地发育的构造背景及其他沉积-构造事件等研究认为,延长期沉积变革事件与中晚三叠世华北与扬子克拉通拼接碰撞,秦岭洋最终闭合联系密切,是对秦岭全面碰撞造山和强烈隆升剥蚀事件的响应。本研究对进一步分析延长期盆地物源区构造属性的变化和盆内沉积体系划分、砂体展布、有利储层预测提供了科学依据,为中生代盆-山耦合关系、沉积建造与改造响应提供了新的证据和重要线索。     

东北地区中—新生代盆地群形成演化的动力学背景

东北地区的中—新生代盆地之下并非都是变质结晶基底,松辽和二连等盆地大部分叠加在未变质的晚古生代残余沉积盆地之上。嫩江—开鲁断裂和嘉荫—牡丹江断裂是两条深达岩石圈尺度的断裂构造,将东北地区分为额尔古纳—兴安、松嫩和佳木斯三大基底构造单元和与之相对应的西部、中部和东部三大中—新生代盆地群。3个盆地群不但基底和深部岩石圈结构明显不同,而且盆地结构及充填特征也存在明显的差异。东北地区与中生代盆地演化相关的火山活动主要发生在中—晚侏罗世(167~147 Ma),早白垩世早期(136~126 Ma)和早白垩世晚期(122~109 Ma)。侏罗纪火山岩主要发育在大兴安岭及其以西地区;早白垩世火山岩全区均有分布,且具有由西向东时代渐新变新的演化趋势。从深部构造和区域动力学背景角度,东北地区的侏罗纪和白垩纪—新生代构造演化分别属于两大动力学体系。前者的形成演化与西伯利亚板块和华北板块对东北地区西部产生的南北向挤压作用及后继的伸展作用有关,北北东向展布的中—晚侏罗世火山岩大面积叠加在近东西向展布的漠河前陆盆地和突泉等含煤盆地之上;后者的形成演化明显与西北太平洋构造域大洋板块对东北亚大陆边缘的作用有关。根据同位素年龄和生物地层学证据重新厘定的中—新生代盆地地层对比结果显示,即使是同时代形成的早白垩世盆地由于与大陆边缘的距离不同,其盆地的沉积充填特征和后期构造改造特点也不尽相同。西部以海拉尔盆地为代表的早白垩世盆地主要发育以火山岩为主的断陷沉积,之后长期处于隆升环境;中部以松辽盆地为代表的白垩纪盆地不但发育早白垩世早期的断陷沉积,而且之上基本连续叠加了早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世坳陷沉积;东部盆地群由三江、勃利、鸡西和虎林等众多中、小型盆地构成,它们在早白垩世早期曾是一个统一的近海大陆边缘盆地(大三江盆地),以发育海陆交互相沉积为特点。由于该区紧邻西北太平洋大陆边缘,受大陆边缘构造转换的影响,统一的大三江盆地在早白垩世末期被强烈的逆冲构造和左行走滑构造所破坏和改造。该区目前分散孤立存在的多个中、小型早白垩世盆地均为早白垩世末期构造改造后的残余盆地。