基于非线性扫描技术的可控震源地震勘探分辨率提高方法

可控震源地震扫描信号易被地下介质吸收并形成高频部分衰减,降低对地下地质体的分辨能力.分析地震信号扫描方式,研究非线性扫描信号特性及其在补偿地层吸收衰减的地震相关子波信号影像中的作用,利用正演模拟和现场试验验证非线性扫描信号在提高可控震源地震勘探地震分辨率中的作用.结果表明:非线性扫描通过控制高频能量信号的时间分配,提高激发信号的高频成分,选择合适的非线性扫描信号类型和激发能量,能够提高地震勘探分辨率.该研究结果对实现高分辨率地震勘探具有一定的参考意义.     

地貌学的基本范式及其在教学科研中的作用

自吉尔伯特和戴维斯的时代开始,地貌学的研究即已遵从理论优先的观察背负模式。从以描述为主的侵蚀循环学说、强调定量分析的地表过程、水力几何学到目前系统地貌学的研究,此中充盈着大量的范式、原理和基本概念,它们是地貌学作为一门科学存在和发展的理论基础。在课堂教学与课程发展层面上,从地貌学史的角度注重对基本范式的归纳和讲授,是培养与激发学生学习兴趣和专业素养的主要途径。通过对经典文献的研读,学生可以从中直接学习到详尽地描述和思辨方法,同时还会意识到对地貌学思想的传承和理论的接受应该批判地进行。在学科建设和科学研究方面,基于范式研究是利用共同的学术语言融入国际地貌学界的前提,凝练学科整体关心的科学问题,开展有组织持续有效的基础理论研究,是复兴国内地貌学的最佳途径。     

东川落因矿区小溜口火山杂岩金铜矿化特征研究

落因地区小溜口火山杂岩由于火山喷发中心的差异及断裂构造和岩浆多期活动,其岩石组合混杂,相互关系复杂,多年以来对其研究程度不高,并忽视该火山杂岩的找矿工作。经过笔者近年来的地质工作,对火山杂岩的成矿特征及规律有了新的认识,找矿取得了新的进展和突破。     

水分胁迫对东方百合光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数及干物质积累的影响

 以东方百合“索邦”为试材,在科尔沁沙地对其在不同水分胁迫下的光合特性、叶绿素荧光及干物质积累进行了研究。结果显示,随着水分胁迫的加剧,净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)明显下降。另外,水分胁迫下百合叶片发生了“光合午休”现象,气孔导度(gs)也呈下降的趋势,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)先下降后升高,并且通过gs和Ci变化方向可以判断出,百合叶片净光合速率受气孔与非气孔两种因素的限制。百合叶片最小荧光(Fo)无明显变化,最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降较明显。百合总干重及各器官干重也随水分胁迫的加剧而明显下降。研究表明,水分胁迫降低了百合叶片净光合速率,抑制了PSⅡ的光化学活性,从而影响到了百合干物质的积累。因此,在科尔沁沙地,应该采取合理的灌溉技术来保证百合在生长过程中得到充足的水分,以此确保切花百合的品质。     

Spatial variation and driving mechanism of soil organic carbon components in the alluvial/sedimentary zone of the Yellow River

Alluviation and sedimentation of the Yellow River are important factors influencing the surface soil structure and organic carbon content in its lower reaches. Selecting Kaifeng and Zhoukou as typical cases of the Yellow River flooding area, the field survey, soil sample collection, laboratory experiment and Geographic Information System(GIS) spatial analysis methods were applied to study the spatial distribution characteristics and change mechanism of organic carbon components at different soil depths. The results revealed that the soil total organic carbon(TOC), active organic carbon(AOC) and nonactive organic carbon(NOC) contents ranged from 0.05–30.03 g/kg, 0.01–8.86 g/kg and 0.02–23.36 g/kg, respectively. The TOC, AOC and NOC contents in the surface soil layer were obviously higher than those in the lower soil layer, and the sequence of the content and change range within a single layer was TOCNOCAOC. Geostatistical analysis indicated that the TOC, AOC and NOC contents were commonly influenced by structural and random factors, and the influence magnitudes of these two factors were similar. The overall spatial trends of TOC, AOC and NOC remained relatively consistent from the 0–20 cm layer to the 20–100 cm layer, and the transition between high-and low-value areas was obvious, while the spatial variance was high. The AOC and NOC contents and spatial distribution better reflected TOC spatial variation and carbon accumulation areas. The distribution and depth of the sediment, agricultural land-use type, cropping system, fertilization method, tillage process and cultivation history were the main factors impacting the spatial variation in the soil organic carbon(SOC) components. Therefore, increasing the organic matter content, straw return, applying organic manure, adding exogenous particulate matter and conservation tillage are effective measures to improve the soil quality and attain sustainable agricultural development in the alluvial/sedimentary zone of the Yellow River.     

典型岩溶流域不同地貌类型景观结构分析——以云南小江流域为例

利用2003年小江流域的TM影像，结合实地调查，再根据流域地质分布和地貌发育情况，将流域地貌类型划分为岩溶地貌和非岩溶地貌两个一级类型景观，在此基础上，根据地貌发育程度结合高程情况，将岩溶区又划分为6个岩溶景观，非岩溶地貌分为两个二级类型景观。应用景观生态学原理，并通过Fragstats 3．3软件在流域尺度上计算了一些相关指标。结果表明：岩溶区的景观生态特征总体上体现了其生态环境的特殊性和脆弱性，地表水资源溃乏，土层薄、土壤资源零星分布且易流失，造成未利用地面积大，石漠化现象严重，土地利用程度低的特点。非岩溶区景观生态由于耕地和林地占绝对优势，石漠化面积少，香农多样性指数和均匀度低，景观的异质性较低，结构较为简单。     

基于“点—轴系统”理论的城市群边界识别

合理界定城市群的边界是认识和研究城市群的必然要求,也是通过空间规划落实区域功能空间布局和发展指向的基础条件。然而,社会各界对城市群的概念尚未达成统一的认识,对城市群空间范围的理解更是莫衷一是。为此,本文从经济地理学的"点—轴系统"理论出发,对城市群的概念进行了梳理,并提出判别城市群边界的4个步骤:一是分析对象区域是否存在若干发育良好的中心城市;二是分析这个区域的城市体系是否健全,是否具有较好的资源和环境条件;三是分析城市之间是否具有较强的社会经济联系,使之具有一体化发展的社会经济基础;四是通过对城市群实际生长边界的判别,对"点—轴系统"的发育程度进行评估,从而对该区域是否已经形成城市群进行判断。较之以往的学术研究,强调城市群的发育程度也应该作为城市群判别的重要条件,同时,也通过POI数据的Densi-Graph分析提出了判别城市群发育程度的方法。基于此,对京津冀及全国主要地区城市群的形成和发育进行了分析。结果表明,长三角城市群和珠三角城市群发展较为成熟,京津冀城市群一体化程度较之偏低,长江中游城市群和成渝城市群则尚处于形成阶段。这些结论对于客观认识城市群以及制定城市群未来发展的目标和战略具有重要意义,可为多层次的空间规划和管理政策提供参考。     

南京大都市区建设用地扩张特征与机理

作为全球城市化最快的地区之一,中国建设用地的扩张引起了广泛的关注。以长三角北翼中心城市南京为例,利用遥感、土地利用调查等数据研究大都市区建设用地扩张的过程、格局与机理。研究表明,1985-2007年南京市在工业化、城市化和国际化的推动下经济快速增长,引致了建设用地的扩张,年均增长率为3.14%。2001年后随着城市发展模式由单中心向多中心转换,建设用地呈加速扩展趋势。南京市建设用地扩展具有明显的沿长江和南北交通走廊轴向发展的特征。开发区和新城建设是南京市建设用地扩张的主要方式。区、县尺度的回归分析表明,人口增加、全球化是城镇工矿用地扩张的重要推手;经济的服务业化有利于土地集约利用,减少对用地的需求,这种影响在城区更大;在分权化竞争中,都市区政府具有更强的控制力。     

基于大学生认知地图的长江中游城市群空间范围认知

国务院《长江中游城市群规划》的颁布虽然结束了一直以来的“中三角”和“中四角”的争论,但与公众对其空间范围的认知仍然存在一定的差异。通过问卷获取武汉、长沙和南昌三市大学生对长江中游城市群空间范围的认知地图,并绘制认知范围集成图、密度图和认知比例图等分析其认知特性;通过构建面积偏差系数和中心偏差系数度量了认知地图与规划地图的差异,探究个体社会属性对认知差异的影响。研究发现：① 三市大学生的认知地图呈“武汉+”的特色,长沙市有“南向偏移”的趋势、南昌市“东南向偏移”趋势明显;② 三市大学生的空间认知范围与《长江中游城市群规划》的范围存在差异,其中南昌市大学生差异最大,长沙次之,武汉最小;③ 个体社会属性与认知差异存在关联,其中性别、居住地、专业和居住时间变量为显著影响因子。公众空间认知的差异及其影响因素在一定程度上会影响到城市群发展的政策偏好,研究结论可为未来城市群的构建和城市政策的制定提供新的参考。     

中国南方调整水稻种植格局——一种水稻生产预先适应气候变化的选择(英文)

Rice planted in southern China accounts for 94% of the total in sown acreage and 88% of the total in production, which matters a lot to Chinese food security. However, due to the prolonged conflict between water availability and rice growth in spatial/temporal distribu-tion, rice production suffers from seasonal drought at acreage of 16%-22%, which compro-mises food production capacity and food security. Focusing on the spatial distribution of seasonal drought with rice and the practices to adapt to it, and based on an analysis of bal-anced water supply for and demand by rice at a growing season scale during 1981-2030, this paper assesses the changing seasonal drought in the process of rice production under the changing climate in the future, and identifies general rice re-cultivation options for climate change adaptation. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) Rice suggests a decline in seasonal drought, with early season rice (early rice hereafter) by 12,500 km2, middle season rice (middle rice) by 80,000 km2, and in particular late season rice (late rice) by 25,000 km2, which accounts for almost 20% of its cultivated acreage. It is indicated that due to climate change, seasonal drought in major rice producing areas tends to alleviate in general, late season rice in particular. (2) Future climate change brings about a significant impact on the spatial/temporal distribution of water resources in rice producing areas in China. Based on ’pre-designed’ adaptation actions for rice-re-cultivation, the rice cultivation pattern undergoes a significant alteration between 1981-2000 and 2001-2030. In eastern Guizhou and western Hunan, the pattern of single early plus single dry farming is changed into double cropping. In eastern Hunan, the pattern of dry cropping is changed into single early plus single dry farming. In northern Anhui, the pattern of dry farming cropping is changed into middle rice. All this is aimed at a potential adequate availability of water for rice production in the future. (3) Rice re-cultivation patterns developed in this paper help re-balance water demand and supply for rice growth using the spatial analysis tool to adapt rice growth to the changing water avail-ability from spatial perspective, and come up with rice producer-friendly re-cultivation options in response to climate change.