中国陆地-大气系统水分循环研究

建立了中国大陆尺度和区域尺度陆地-大气系统水分循环概念模型;讨论了中国大陆尺度水文循环的特点;比较了东北、华北、西北、西南、华南、长江流域、西藏高原和台湾岛水分循环的差异。对水分循环参数的计算作了改进。     

An Amplified Signal of Climatic Change in Soil Temperatures during the Last Century at Irkutsk, Russia

Climatic changes at the Earth's surface propagate slowly downward into theground and modify the ambient ground thermal regime. However, causes of soiltemperature changes in the upper few meters are not well documented. One majorobstacle to understanding the linkage between the soil thermal regime andclimatic change is the lack of long-term observations of soil temperatures andrelated climatic variables. Such measurements were made throughout the formerSoviet Union with some records beginning at the end of the 19th century. Inthis paper, we use records from Irkutsk, Russia, to demonstrate how the soiltemperature responded to climatic changes over the last century. Both airtemperature and precipitation at Irkutsk increased from the late 1890s to the1990s. Changes in air temperature mainly occurred in winter, while changes inprecipitation happened mainly during summer. There was an anti-correlationbetween mean annual air temperature and annual total precipitation, i.e., more(less) precipitation during cold (warm) years. There were no significanttrends of changes in the first day of snow on the ground in autumn, but snowsteadily disappeared earlier in spring, resulting in a reduction of the snowcover duration. A grass-covered soil experiences seasonal freezing for morethan nine months each year and the long-term average maximum depth ofseasonally frozen soils was about 177 cm with a range from 91 cm to 260 cm.The relatively lower soil temperature at shallow depths appears to representthe so-called `thermal offset' in seasonally frozen soils. Changes in meanannual air temperature and soil temperature at 40 cm depth were about the samemagnitude (2.0 °C to 2.5 °C) over the common period of record, but thepatterns of change were substantially different. Mean annual air temperatureincreased slightly until the 1960s, while mean annual soil temperatureincreased steadily throughout the entire period. This leads to the conclusionthat changes in air temperature alone cannot explain the changes in soiltemperatures at this station. Soil temperature actually decreased duringsummer months by up to 4 °C, while air temperature increased slightly.This cooling in the soil may be explained by changes in rainfall and hencesoil moisture during summer due to the effect of a soil moisture feedbackmechanism. While air temperature increased about 4 °C to 6 °C duringwinter, soil temperature increased by up to 9 °C. An increase in snowfallduring early winter (October and November) and early snowmelt in spring mayplay a major role in the increase of soil temperatures through the effects ofinsulation and albedo changes. Due to its relatively higher thermalconductivity compared to unfrozen soils, seasonally frozen ground may enhancethe soil cooling, especially in autumn and winter when thermal gradient isnegative.     

2022年青海门源MS6.9地震发震构造和地表破裂初步调查

北京时间2022年1月8日01时45分，青海省海北州门源县发生强烈地震（图1），造成数人受伤，房屋倒塌，部分道路、桥梁、隧道等基础设施被破坏或受损。中国地震台网（CENC）测定该地震的震级为MS 6. 9，震中位于37. 77°N，101. 26°E，震源深度为10 km(https://www.cenc.ac.cn/cenc/dzxx/396391/index.html)。利用欧洲航空局哨兵2号雷达卫星的震前、震后SAR数据进行差分干涉处理，得到同震形变场分布图。限定此次地震以左旋走滑运动为主，断层走向NWW，断层面近直立；主体破裂深度在10 km以上并到达地表，形成长度＞35 km的地表变形带，最大滑动量约2 m。2022年门源MS 6. 9地震发生在青藏高原中北部的祁连- 柴达木次级地块的北部（图1）、托莱山断裂带和冷龙岭断裂带的交会部位，是继1986年和2016年两次门源MS 6. 4地震之后在冷龙岭断裂带上发生的震级最高、地表破裂最长的地震事件。     

高层建筑风振监测的实践与初步分析

叙述了高层建筑风振监测的基本方法及监测过程，以大量的实际监测数据为基础，初步总结出了高层建筑的风振规律。     

宽频带数字地震记录仿真的应用

利用傅里叶分析法，把速度型宽频带数字地震记录变成台站人员所熟悉的长周期，中长周期模拟常规地震记录，分析人员能在仿真后的记录波形图上识别震相和计算震级。为地震台站用宽频带数字地震记录取代模拟记录提供了一种资料处理方法。     

藏北改则县别若则错活动断裂的发现及其地质意义

由于调查研究资料有限,目前对藏北高原内部近EW向的伸展变形样式和具体调节机制一直存在诸多争议。最新开展的地表调查在藏北高原西部的别若则错新发现了1条长约20km、走向近NNW的走滑断裂。该断裂表现出断塞塘、水系错动及断层崖等典型的走滑断裂变形标志。水系错动及构造地貌显示,别若则错断裂是以右旋走滑运动为主、兼具明显正断分量的张扭性断层,是高原内部近EW向伸展变形的产物。通过与羌塘古大湖进行对比分析,认为该断裂错断的最新地貌体是晚更新世的冲洪积扇,未错断全新世扇体,且断崖坡角已显著变缓,表明其最新活动时间可能为晚更新世。综合分析地表调查和遥感影像的错断位移恢复结果,发现最新一次断裂活动的最大右旋走滑位移约2～3m。晚更新世早—中期冲洪积扇体的累积最大右旋走滑位移约44m,垂直错动约2m,由此推测该断裂晚第四纪以来走滑速率约1mm/a,显示弱走滑变形特征。别若则错断裂近NNW的走向与印度和欧亚板块碰撞的主压应力轴(σ1)的夹角约30°,而已发现的区域性共轭走滑断裂与σ1呈约60°～75°的较大夹角,两者显著不同,表明藏北地区共轭走滑断裂带的组合方式可能存在不同的样式:一种是钝角,可能与拉萨和羌塘地体内的剪切作用或块体挤出有关;另一种是锐角,可能代表着新生破裂特征,推测其可能与高原内部近SN向正断层的N向的延伸有关,其成因机制仍需进一步研究。     

Improved Chlorophyll-a Algorithm for the Satellite Ocean Color Data in the Northern Bering Sea and Southern Chukchi Sea

The Bering and Chukchi seas are an important conduit to the Arctic Ocean and are reported to be one of the most productive regions in the world’s oceans in terms of high primary productivity that sustains large numbers of fishes, marine mammals, and sea birds as well as benthic animals. Climate-induced changes in primary production and production at higher trophic levels also have been observed in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas. Satellite ocean color observations could enable the monitoring of relatively long term patterns in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations that would serve as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass. The performance of existing global and regional Chl-a algorithms for satellite ocean color data was investigated in the northeastern Bering Sea and southern Chukchi Sea using in situ optical measurements from the Healy 2007 cruise. The model-derived Chl-a data using the previous Chl-a algorithms present striking uncertainties regarding Chl-a concentrations – for example, overestimation in lower Chl-a concentrations or systematic overestimation in the northeastern Bering Sea and southern Chukchi Sea. Accordingly, a simple two band ratio (R_rs(443)/R_rs(555)) algorithm of Chl-a for the satellite ocean color data was devised for the northeastern Bering Sea and southern Chukchi Sea. The MODIS-derived Chl-a data from July 2002 to December 2014 were produced using the new Chl-a algorithm to investigate the seasonal and interannual variations of Chl-a in the northern Bering Sea and the southern Chukchi Sea. The seasonal distribution of Chl-a shows that the highest (spring bloom) Chl-a concentrations are in May and the lowest are in July in the overall area. Chl-a concentrations relatively decreased in June, particularly in the open ocean waters of the Bering Sea. The Chl-a concentrations start to increase again in August and become quite high in September. In October, Chl-a concentrations decreased in the western area of the Study area and the Alaskan coastal waters. Strong interannual variations are shown in Chl-a concentrations in all areas. There is a slightly increasing trend in Chl-a concentrations in the northern Bering Strait (SECS). This increasing trend may be related to recent increases in the extent and duration of open waters due to the early break up of sea ice and the late formation of sea ice in the Chukchi Sea.     

中药结合盆底生物反馈疗法治疗低位直肠癌保肛术后排便障碍29例疗效观察

目的：观察中药结合盆底生物反馈疗法治疗低位直肠癌保肛术后排便障碍的临床疗效。方法：将58例低位直肠癌保肛术后患者随机分为2组各29例,治疗组应用基于肛肠专用型多功能生物电反馈治疗系统的盆底生物电反馈疗法配合中药治疗,对照组应用排便功能主动训练方式治疗,观察患者的术后康复情况。结果：治疗组在手术之后,患者的排便时间、首次排气时间以及下床活动时间均显著短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：中药结合盆底生物反馈疗法治疗可明显改善低位直肠癌保肛术后患者的排便功能。     

基于非期望超效率模型的辽宁沿海地区海洋生态效率测算及影响因素分析

采用基于非期望产出超效率的SBM模型测算辽宁沿海地区海洋生态效率值,结合Malmquist指数模型方法定量刻画效率动态演化特征,并通过VAR对效率的影响因素和机制进行实证检验。研究结果表明:(1)海洋生态效率整体呈现波动上升趋势且地区差异明显,盘锦市属于效率值较高城市,大连、葫芦岛市生态效率由低效率水平向高效率水平提升,营口、丹东两市效率值上升幅度相对较小,由较低效率水平向中等效率水平转变,锦州市生态效率由效率相对无效上升至较低效率水平,远远落后于其他几个城市;(2)动态分析来看,技术进步和技术效率对海洋生态效率的增长起到了促进作用,技术效率并未发挥出显著作用,技术进步变化是效率值增长的主要动力;(3)海洋产业结构对效率的扰动以正向促进为主,海洋科技水平对海洋生态效率的扰动在正负响应之间波动,环境政策规制对海洋生态效率的响应存在一定滞后期,但产生的是正向推动作用和持续效益。