环渤海地区1980—2012年能见度变化特征

利用环渤海地区365个地面气象站1980—2012年逐日能见度观测资料,统计分析了该地区能见度的变化特征以及不同等级能见度的主要影响因子。结果表明：环渤海地区能见度的主要气候特征是春秋季高、冬季低。1980—2012年平均能见度下降最大的区域位于太行山和燕山山脉的迎风坡,也是平均能见度较低的区域。环渤海地区整体而言,能见度小于等于1 km主要是水滴造成的,能见度1～10 km范围内,颗粒物、气体污染物的影响随能见度的增大而增大。水滴和颗粒物、气体污染物对不同等级能见度的影响存在一定空间差异。     

近64年长沙市高温热浪事件统计分析

为了增强对高温热浪事件的认识,给相关部门科学制定应急预案提供依据,本文利用逐日最高气温资料,依据高温热浪定义,对长沙市近64年来高温热浪事件进行统计分析。结果表明,1长沙市年均高温日30.6d,年均高温热浪2.16次。高温日、高温热浪事件集中在6—9月,且以7月出现最为频繁。2长沙市高温热浪事件发生频次和强度呈明显阶段性变化特征:20世纪50—60年代中期变化平稳或呈缓慢增多(增强)趋势,70—90年代末呈偏少(偏弱)趋势,21世纪以来呈偏多(偏强)趋势。3城市化造成的热岛效应在一定程度上加剧了高温热浪强度。     

渤海湾沿岸贝壳堤对潮滩有孔虫海面变化指示意义的影响

通过对渤海湾沿岸有贝壳堤发育和无贝壳堤发育的2类现代开放潮滩有孔虫组合的对比,研究了该2类潮滩环境沉积物中有孔虫的海面指示意义。5个有孔虫组合带被MHWST(平均大潮高潮位)、MHW(平均高潮位)、MHWNT(平均大潮低潮位)和MSL(平均海面)分隔,分别对应潮滩的高盐沼、低盐沼、潮间带上部、潮间带中上部和潮间带中下部5个不同亚环境。不同亚环境沉积物因其所含的有孔虫群的独特性,均可作为高精度海面标志物,误差为各亚带高差的1/2。沿岸贝壳堤可对潮滩有孔虫的属种组成产生影响,影响程度从高潮位向低潮位逐渐降低。在MHWNT潮位之下,有孔虫组合不再受到沿岸贝壳堤的影响。     

渤海湾4.2ka事件初步研究

相距3~20km的岭头、罾口河、俵口和空港物流中心4处埋藏牡蛎礁体的年代学研究证实,开始发育的时间不同,但同时在4.2~4.0ka cal BP时结束建礁,即其灭亡与"4.2ka事件"在时间上重合。岭头、罾口河剖面O稳定同位素和罾口河剖面孢粉数据进一步表明,4.5~4.3ka cal BP时研究区气候出现变冷变干的趋势,4.3~4.2ka cal BP逐渐好转,推测这一气候波动变化过程可能是对"4.2ka事件"的响应。     

DEM study of fabric features governing undrained post-liquefaction shear deformation of sand

In an effort to study undrained post-liquefaction shear deformation of sand, the discrete element method (DEM) is adopted to conduct undrained cyclic biaxial compression simulations on granular assemblies consisting of 2D circular particles. The simulations are able to successfully reproduce the generation and eventual saturation of shear strain through the series of liquefaction states that the material experiences during cyclic loading after the initial liquefaction. DEM simulations with different deviatoric stress amplitudes and initial mean effective stresses on samples with different void ratios and loading histories are carried out to investigate the relationship between various mechanics- or fabric-related variables and post-liquefaction shear strain development. It is found that well-known metrics such as deviatoric stress amplitude, initial mean effective stress, void ratio, contact normal fabric anisotropy intensity, and coordination number, are not adequately correlated to the observed shear strain development and, therefore, could not possibly be used for its prediction. A new fabric entity, namely the Mean Neighboring Particle Distance (MNPD), is introduced to reflect the space arrangement of particles. It is found that the MNPD has an extremely strong and definitive relationship with the post-liquefaction shear strain development, showing MNPD’s potential role as a parameter governing post-liquefaction behavior of sand.     

Hydrological services by mountain ecosystems in Qilian Mountain of China: A review

Hydrological service is a hot issue in the current researches of ecosystem service, particularly in the upper reaches of mountain rivers in dry land areas, where the Qilian Mountain is a representative one. The Qilian Mountain, where forest, shrubland and grassland consist of its main ecosystems, can provide fresh water and many other ecosystem services, through a series of eco-hydrological process such as precipitation interception, soil water storage, and fresh water provision. Thus, monitoring water regulation and assessing the hydrological service of the Qilian Mountain are meaningful and helpful for the healthy development of the lower reaches of arid and semi-arid areas. In recent 10 years, hydrological services have been widely researched in terms of scale and landscape pattern, including water conservation, hydrological responses to afforestation and their ecological effects. This study, after analyzing lots of current models and applications of geographical information system (GIS) in hydrological services, gave a scientific and reasonable evaluation of mountain ecosystem in eco-hydrological services, by employing the combination of international forefronts and contentious issues into the Qilian Mountain. Assessments of hydrological services at regional or larger scales are limited compared with studies within watershed scale in the Qilian Mountain. In our evaluation results of forest ecosystems, it is concluded that long-term observation and dynamic monitoring of different types of ecosystem are indispensable, and the hydrological services and the potential variation in water supplement on regional and large scales should be central issues in the future research.