Comparison of Blast-Induced Damage Between Presplit and Smooth Blasting of High Rock Slope

This paper focuses on the comparison of damage induced by smooth blasting and presplit blasting based on the excavation of high rock slope. The whole damage process of the smooth blasting and presplit blasting excavation method is studied by using a cumulative blasting damage numerical simulation technology based on the secondary development of the dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA. The results demonstrate that, in the case of contour blasting with the method of smooth blasting, the total damage of rock slope is a result of cumulated damage induced by the production hole, buffering hole, and smooth hole. Among the total damage, the blasting of the production hole is the main resource, followed by the smooth and buffering holes. For the presplit blasting, the final damage of rock slope is mainly induced by presplit blasting itself. The spatial distribution characteristics of the final damage zone of two methods are compared. Two classes of damage zone could be found in smooth blasting excavation; one of them is the columnar high-degree damage zone around the slope surface and the other is the low-degree damage zone located in the middle of the slope. But in the case of presplit blasting, there is only the columnar high-degree damage zone around the slope surface. Finally, a damage control suggestion for two blasting excavation methods is proposed and verified based on the excavation of the temporary shiplock slopes of the Three Gorges Project in China.     

A novel set pair analysis method based on variable weights for liquefaction evaluation

To ensure the safety of structures, high-speed railway and highway founded on liquefiable soils, liquefaction evaluation is a primary task. Herein, a dynamic set pair analysis method based on variable weights is introduced to assess liquefaction. A concept of connection degree of set pair consisting of the evaluation sample and the classification standard was described to interpret the uncertainty of liquefaction and relationship. Moreover, based on reward and penalty mechanism, state variable vectors were presented to assign composite weights of evaluation indicators in order to take into account impacts of indicator variation. And the integrated connection degree to each grade was calculated to evaluate liquefaction of the evaluated cases. Results from practical example and comparison with field investigation and extension method indicated that this proposed model used to evaluate liquefaction is feasible and effective. In addition, it can quantitatively describe liquefaction hierarchy of evaluated samples.     

On improving tropical cyclone track forecasts using a scale-selective data assimilation approach: a case study

A dynamical downscaling approach based on scale-selective data assimilation (SSDA) is applied to tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts. The results from a case study of super Typhoon Megi (2010) show that the SSDA approach is very effective in improving the TC track forecasts by fitting the large-scale wind field from the regional model to that from the global forecast system (GFS) forecasts while allowing the small-scale circulation to develop freely in the regional model. A comparison to the conventional spectral-nudging four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) indicates that the SSDA approach outperforms the FDDA in TC track forecasts because the former allows the small-scale features in a regional model to develop more freely than the latter due to different techniques used. In addition, a number of numerical experiments are performed to investigate the sensitivity of SSDA’s effect in TC track forecasts to some parameters in SSDA, including the cutoff wave number, the vertical layers of the atmosphere being adjusted, and the interval of SSDA implementation. The results show that the improvements are sensitive in different extent to the above three parameters.     

云南中甸红牛-红山矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征与成矿作用

红牛-红山矿床位于西南三江成矿带的中甸岛弧,是形成于晚燕山期的矽卡岩型铜矿床。矿区与成矿作用密切相关的石英二长斑岩中角闪石和黑云母斑晶的出现以及较高的含F量(分别为1.49%和2.62%),表明其岩浆为富H2O富挥发分熔体;石英斑晶具有港湾状、浑圆状的溶蚀表面和钾长石细晶外壳,并且显示了典型的骸晶状结构指示了其岩浆经历了快速上升侵位过程和岩浆热液的自交代作用;钻孔中岩浆热液角砾岩和大量石英细脉的出现暗示了岩浆在快速上侵过程中发生了隐爆作用,形成并出溶了含有大量F、Cl等组分的高盐度超临界流体。矽卡岩阶段石榴子石和透辉石具有明显的三个期次:早期细粒的钙铝榴石(And22-57)和角岩中的透辉石(Hd7-27)形成于少量高温气液岩浆流体与围岩的扩散交代作用;中期粗粒的钙铁榴石(And75-98)和次透辉石-钙铁辉石(Hd10-99)形成于大量高温、低氧逸度的岩浆流体与围岩的渗滤交代作用;晚期的钙铝榴石脉(And14-60)和钙铁辉石脉(Hd31-58)形成于低温、高氧逸度的早期交代残留溶液。矽卡岩矿物的生成,使碳酸盐围岩丢失CO2,矿物体积减少,孔隙度和渗透性增加,为成矿提供了条件。退化变质阶段的透闪石、阳起石、绿帘石、绿泥石等交代早期矽卡岩矿物,消耗了成矿流体中大量的CO2和H2O,生成含水矿物以及石英、方解石,使围岩裂隙愈合,孔隙流体压力增加,导致成矿流体沸腾,形成大量黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、辉钼矿化。石英-硫化物阶段,由于成矿流体超压→流体沸腾,裂隙生成→减压排泄,裂隙愈合→流体超压的循环,在此过程中围岩经历了多次破裂和裂隙的愈合,直至整个成矿体系完全开放,并与大气水发生混合,使成矿流体中剩余金属最终沉淀。     

内蒙古喀喇沁旗安家营子金矿红化蚀变的特征及其实质

安家营子金矿普遍出现红化蚀变,过去一直被认为是钾长石化,并将其看做一种找矿标志,但是效果甚微。经野外地质及室内镜下观察结合电子探针、扫描电镜和主量元素分析确定红化并非钾长石化,而是由绢云母、钠长石、绿帘石和铁的氧化物以及少量钾长石的矿物组合分布在斜长石内部造成的。其过程可能是早期含Na流体通过斜长石内部的显微孔隙,交代形成钠长石,释放出Al和Ca,然后结合流体中的其他成分形成绢云母和绿帘石。随着绢云母的大量生成,a K+/a H+变大,再生成钾长石,便形成了钠长石、绢云母、绿帘石和钾长石的组合。而变红的直接原因是由于在钠长石化过程,花岗岩中斜长石或云母中的铁被释放出来,或者流体中带来的Fe,以氧化物的形式充填在显微孔隙中,形成了肉眼所见到的红色。在蚀变较弱的区域,红化蚀变只出现在核部,边部几乎没有蚀变,形成明显的净边结构。这是由于斜长石的核部存在大量的显微孔隙造成的。斜长石在形成过程中核部结晶速率非常快,所以容易捕获周围的熔体或流体形成显微孔隙,而边部生长速度相对较慢,几乎没有孔隙出现,这些孔隙的分布控制了后来的红化蚀变的分布。所以,红化蚀变并非简单的钾长石化,而是斜长石和流体发生的一系列生成钠长石、绢云母、绿帘石和钾长石的相对复杂的蚀变。而这种蚀变在花岗岩地区分布较为普遍,并不一定与成矿作用有关,且其分布范围有限,同流体的物质交换较少,对找矿和成矿作用的意义有限。     

甘肃北山红石山蛇绿岩锆石U-Pb年代学研究及构造意义

红石山蛇绿岩位于中蒙边境附近,出露于红石山-百合山-蓬勃山蛇绿混杂岩带最西段。岩石地球化学分析表明,红石山蛇绿岩中的玄武岩主量、微量及稀土元素皆显示类似MORB型玄武岩的地球化学特征,表现为低Na₂O+K₂O（2.99%）和P₂O₅（0.08%）,中等含量TiO₂（1.46%）;LREE球粒陨石标准化分配型式具平坦型和轻稀土略微富集的特征。微量元素原始地幔标准化分配型式显示出富集大离子亲石元素（Rb、K）的特征,HFSE变化相对较为稳定。红石山蛇绿岩中的辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,其形成时代为346.6±2.8Ma,代表该蛇绿岩形成时代,即为早石炭世。结合前人研究成果,笔者认为红石山蛇绿岩可能为石炭纪大陆裂谷向大洋转化的构造环境下形成的初始小洋盆,其向西可与新疆境内的巴音沟蛇绿岩对比,二者同属“红海型”洋盆初始洋壳的地质记录。     

云南会泽HZT 型铅锌矿床蚀变白云岩特征及岩石-地球化学找矿标志

蚀变白云岩是会泽超大型铅锌矿床的赋矿围岩。通过矿区调研和近矿围岩典型剖面精细测量,矿区蚀变中-粗晶白云岩从颜色上可分为4种类型:肉红中粗晶白云岩、米黄色针孔状粗晶白云岩、灰白孔洞状粗晶白云岩、纯白色粗晶白云岩;前三者与矿体产出关系密切,从远矿到近矿依次为:肉红中粗晶白云岩→米黄色针孔状粗晶白云岩→灰白孔洞状粗晶白云岩→铅锌矿石;总结了3个带主要矿物组合、组构特征,认为3个带在白云石重结晶程度、显微构造、黄铁矿、晶洞充填物及裂隙等具明显差异,据此可作为辨识赋矿白云岩的重要标志。同时,对比了摆佐组白云岩(矿化粗晶白云岩、粗晶白云岩、白云石化灰岩)主量元素变化特征,分析了近矿蚀变白云岩主量元素及其比值与矿体距离的相关性,以及CaO与其他主量元素相关性,确定了热液蚀变参数有SiO2、MgO/CaO、K2O/CaO、Al2O3/TFe等,为找矿预测提供理论依据。     

黄土高原渭河宝鸡段北岸大型深层滑坡动力学机制研究

为研究渭河盆地黄土塬边大型深层滑坡运动机制,通过对渭河宝鸡段北岸斜坡构造地貌过程解析、滑体地质剖面平衡计算与运动过程的动态数值模拟,结合黏土岩滑动带发育的宏观力学背景、物理结构变化特征与剪切蠕变、滑动力学行为特征研究,确定了渭河北岸大型深层滑坡的几何学、运动学特征,初步揭示了黏土岩质滑带塑性流动挤出的控滑机制。研究表明:①大型深层滑坡的运动变形由后缘向坡脚传递,后缘下降、前缘隆起,整体变形由底部泥岩控制,具有一定的水平位移,是旋转-平移复活式滑坡;②黏土岩滑动带结构损伤形成蠕变变形带,滑动过程中,塑性变形区在滑体下方呈倾斜三角形状,产生塑性流动变形,逆冲向上运动中形成翻卷结构,滑体前缘以流动状态隆起挤出;③黏土岩的塑性流动变形是黏土矿物含量增加、活性增强的结果,滑带土内的粘粒含量(2μm)由初始的17.94%增加到50.22%,蒙脱石的绝对含量从初始的13.19%增加至26.38%,而其比表面积平均由124.55增加至215.08,从而降低滑动带的强度、恶化水理性质,引起滑体剧烈变形,而滑体内赋存的高孔隙水压力可推动滑体滑动。     

东川-易门式铜矿床成矿作用研究的几个问题

从宏观基础地质入手,按矿床学的一些基本概念,针对东川-易门铜矿床地质地球化学特征,探讨了一些存在争议的重要问题。研究认为:狮山段是绿汁江组下部独立存在的地层层位;东川-易门式铜矿床属沉积-改造成因,其中的层状铜矿属沉积成岩成因,不是"热液成矿";所谓东川-易门式矿床(稀矿山除外)为"喷流沉积成矿"或"岩浆叠加",尚依据不足;刺穿体是构造作用产物,对成矿有利,是良好的找矿标志,其中的角砾岩主要是沉积角砾岩与构造角砾岩,或沉积-构造角砾岩,不足以冠名"隐爆角砾岩(筒)"。     

云南易门凤山铜矿床“阶梯空当”定位矿体及其构造地球化学异常证据

通过易门凤山铜矿床控矿构造解析与13~15中段南部矿体空间位置对比,矿体向SW深部侧伏,预测15中段2、4号矿体的SW端深部具找矿潜力。在纵投影图上,夹持矿体的"空当"呈现"阶梯、斜列、平行、等距"特点,表现出三个"空当"带与四个矿体带相间交替、平行斜列的组合型式。推测"阶梯空当"夹持的四个空白区为有利的找矿地段。在24号勘探线以南、15中段坑道开展1︰500断裂构造地球化学填图,圈定了5个铜异常和3个主要的元素组合(Cu-In-Bi-Hg-Sb)异常,其中,Ⅱ、Ⅲ号异常与"阶梯空当"定位的d、e位置相对应,为重点找矿靶区,对凤山铜矿床南部、深部找矿具有指示意义。