新疆新源、和静交界M_S6.6地震强震动观测记录初步分析

2012年6月30日新疆伊犁州新源县、巴州和静县交界发生MS6.6地震,新疆区域强震动台网有近40个强震动台记录到本次地震产生的地面运动,记录的最大峰值加速度为3.484 m/s2。文中初步收集了本次地震获取加速度记录,简要进行了分析,并完成了部分典型记录的特征计算,为新疆强震动研究提供参考依据。     

The thermal history and uplift process of the Ouxidaban pluton in the South Tianshan orogen: Evidence from Ar-Ar and (U-Th)/He

The uplift and exhumation process in the Tianshan orogen since the late Paleozoic were likely related to the preservation of ore deposits. This study involved reconstructing the whole tectonic thermal history of the Ouxidaban pluton in central South Tianshan Mountains based on hornblende/plagioclase Ar-Ar and zircon/apatite(U-Th)/He methods. The thermal history and uplift process of central South Tianshan Mountains since the late Paleozoic were analyzed according to the results of previous works and cooling/exhumation rate features. The hornblende yields a plateau age of 382.6±3.6 Ma, and the plagioclase yields a weighted mean age of 265.8±4.9 Ma. The Ouxidaban pluton yields weighted mean zircon(U-Th)/He age of 185.8±4.3 Ma and apatite(U-Th)/He age of 31.1±2.9 Ma, respectively. Five stages of tectonic thermal history of South Tianshan Mountains since the late Paleozoic could be discriminated by the cooling curve and modeling simulation:(1) from the latest Silurian to Late Devonian, the average cooling rate of the Ouxidaban pluton was 7.84°C/Ma;(2) from the Late Devonian to the latest Middle Permian, the average cooling rate was about 2.07°C/Ma;(3) from the latest Middle Permian to the middle Eocene, the cooling rate decreased to about 0.68°C/Ma, suggesting that the tectonic activity was gentle at this time;(4) a sudden increase of the cooling rate(5.00°C/Ma) and the exhumation rate(0.17 mm/a), and crustal exhumation of ~1.83 km indicated that the Ouxidaban pluton would suffer a rapid uplift event during the Eocene(~46?35 Ma);(5) since the middle Eocene, the rapid uplift was sustained, and the average cooling rate since then has been 1.14°C/Ma with an exhumation rate of about 0.04 mm/a and an exhumation thickness of 1.33 km. The strong uplift since the Cenozoic would be related to a far-field effect from the Indian and Eurasian plates' collision. However, it was hysteretic that the remote effect was observed in the Tianshan orogenic belt.     

Organic carbon isotope and molecular fossil records of vegetation evolution in central Loess Plateau since 450 kyr

Significant uncertainties remain regarding the temporal evolution of natural vegetation during the Quaternary, and drivers of past vegetation change, on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). This study presents analyses of total organic carbon isotopic composition (TOC) and n-alkane ratios (C31/C27) from the Lingtai loess-palaeosol sequence on the central CLP over the last 450 kyr. The results demonstrate that the vegetation in this region comprised a mix of C₃ and C₄ plants of herb and woody growth-form. C₃ plants dominated for most of the last 450 kyr, but this did not lead to extensive forest. C₃ woody plants were more abundant in MIS9 (S3 period) and MIS5 (S1 period) during warm and humid climate conditions. Herbs increased in the region since 130 kyr, possibly as a result of increased aridity. On the orbital timescales, there was a reduction of C₃ herbal plants in MIS11 (S4) than in MIS12 (L5), and in Holocene than in the last glacial period. Our isotope and n-alkane proxy records are in agreement with Artemisia pollen changes in the region, which is/was the dominant species in this area and varying due to different heat and water conditions between glacial and interglacial periods. Though the climate in MIS1 (S0) was similar to that in MIS11 (S4), a significant increase in woody plants during the Holocene suggests the impact of human activities and ecological effects of changes in fire activity.     

Reducing the biases in shortwave cloud radiative forcing in tropical and subtropical regions from the perspective of boundary layer processes

Biases in shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF), which cause overestimates in tropical regions and underestimates in subtropical marine stratocumulus regions, are common in many climate models. Here, two boundary layer processes are investigated in the atmospheric model GAMIL2, entrainment at the top of the boundary layer and longwave radiative cooling at the top of stratocumulus clouds, in order to reduce biases and reveal the mechanisms underlying these processes. Our results show that including the entrainment process in the model can reduce negative SWCF biases in most tropical regions but increases positive SWCF biases in subtropical marine stratocumulus regions. This occurs because entrainment reduces the low-level cloud fraction and its cloud liquid water content by suppressing the vertical turbulent diffusion in the boundary layer and decreasing the relative humidity when warm and dry free atmosphere is entrained in the boundary layer. Longwave radiative cooling at the top of stratocumulus clouds can enhance turbulent diffusion within the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer. When combined with the entrainment process, longwave radiative cooling reduces the positive SWCF biases in subtropical marine stratocumulus regions that are observed using the entrainment process alone. The incorporation of these two boundary layer processes improves the simulated SWCF in tropical and subtropical regions in GAMIL2.     

青藏高原东南缘大凉山新生代隆升建造过程——多封闭系统低温热年代学与热模型限制

长波长、低起伏度大凉山构造带新生代隆升剥露与建造过程是解译青藏高原东向扩展过程的关键核心地区之一.本文基于大凉山构造带喜德剖面和沐川剖面9件样品的多封闭系统低温热年代学年龄(即磷灰石(U-Th)/He(AHe)、磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)和锆石(U-Th)/He(ZHe))定年,揭示出多封闭系统热年代学年龄与古岩性柱深度具有明显的正相关性,即伴随古岩性柱深度增大,多封闭系统热年代学年龄明显减小.喜徳剖面多封闭系统低温热年代学AHe、AFT和ZHe年龄值分别为7-9 Ma、14-22 Ma和25-38 Ma;沐川剖面多封闭系统低温热年代学AHe和AFT年龄值分别为10-26 Ma、23-85 Ma, ZHe年龄值为未完全退火年龄.多封闭系统热年代学和QTQt热史模拟揭示,大凉山构造带喜徳和沐川剖面岩性柱所有样品都经历大致相似的三阶段热演化过程,尤其是晚新生代快速隆升剥露阶段(30-20 Ma以来),其平均剥露速率分别为~0.15 mm·a-1和~0.20 mm·a-1,抬升剥露量分别为~3.0 km和~1.5 km.结合区域低温热年代学特征的大凉山构造带地表隆升动力学模型,揭示出重力均衡作用下地壳缩短与剥露作用(即构造隆升剥露机制)控制形成了现今大凉山造山带长波长、低起伏和高海拔地貌建造过程.     

中天山科克苏河地区隆升剥蚀历史——来自(U-Th)/He年龄的制约

天山是中亚造山带重要组成部分,其中-新生代构造热演化及隆升剥露史研究是认识中亚造山带构造变形过程与机制的关键.本文应用磷灰石（U-Th） /He技术重建中天山南缘科克苏河地区中-新生代构造热演化及隆升剥蚀过程.磷灰石（U-Th） /He数据综合解释及热演化史模拟表明该地区至少存在晚白垩世、早中新世、晚中新世3期快速隆升剥蚀事件,起始时间分别为～90 Ma、～13 Ma及～5 Ma,且这3期隆升剥蚀事件在整个天山地区具有广泛的可对比性.相对于磷灰石裂变径迹,磷灰石（U-Th）/He年龄记录了中天山南缘地质演化史中更新和更近的热信息,即中天山在晚中新世（～5 Ma）快速隆升剥蚀,其剥蚀速率为～0.47 mm·a-1,剥蚀厚度为～2300 m.总体上,中天山科克苏地区隆升剥蚀起始时间从天山造山带向昭苏盆地（由南向北）逐渐变老,表明了中天山南缘隆升剥蚀存在不均一性,并发生了多期揭顶剥蚀事件.     

基于瞬变电磁矩变换的快速三维反演方法

瞬变电磁法的严格三维反演计算复杂、占用资源多,在普通计算机上难以实现.本文引入瞬变电磁矩变换的概念,提出一种快速三维反演方法.该方法基于阻性限制（resistive limit）特性,建立包含异常体的三维大地的一阶矩响应正演算法,根据不同约束条件,选择优化的最速下降法实现瞬变电磁快速三维反演.文中通过含异常体的三维大地正演一阶矩与仿真数据一阶矩的对比,验证了快速三维正演算法的有效性,之后在不同约束条件下,利用优化的最速下降法实现了对含噪声的仿真瞬变电磁数据的快速三维反演.结果表明,该方法能够在普通计算机上短时间内较为准确地反演出地下异常体的体积和位置,在瞬变电磁数据的实时解释工作中具有良好的应用前景.     

基于数据规则化和稀疏反演的三维表面多次波压制方法

表面多次波是海洋地震勘探中的主要问题.目前,二维数据驱动的表面多次波压制技术(SRME)已经比较成熟,并且已经成为工业界压制海洋表面多次波的主流方法.但是由于二维SRME算法没有考虑横测线方向上多次波的贡献,导致在处理实际三维海洋资料时存在比较大的误差.将二维SRME算法扩展到三维空间后可以得到三维SRME算法,但是由于目前实际采集的三维海洋资料的观测系统存在拖缆漂移,而且横测线方向采样过于稀疏,直接应用三维SRME算法无法准确预测表面多次波.本文提出的通过数据规则化配合稀疏反演的三维表面多次波压制方法能够解决这种实际资料和三维SRME算法之间的矛盾.本文通过研究数据规则化与反规则化技术,使得数据分布满足三维SRME的要求;通过研究稀疏反演技术,有效解决了横测线方向采样稀疏对于多次波预测的影响,三维实际海洋资料的应用结果验证了方法的有效性和可行性.     

COSEISMIC SURFACE RUPTURES AND SEISMOGENIC MUJI FAULT OF THE 25 NOVEMBER 2016 ARKETAO MW6.6 EARTHQUAKE IN NORTHERN PAMIR

The M_W6.6 Arketao earthquake,which occurred at 14:24:30 UTC 25 November 2016 was the largest earthquake to strike the sparsely inhabited Muji Basin of the Kongur extension system in the eastern Pamir since the M 7 1895 Tashkurgan earthquake.The preliminary field work,sentinel-1A radar interferometry,and relocated hypocenters of earthquake sequences show that the earthquake consists of at least two sub-events and ruptured at least 77km long of the active Muji dextral-slip fault,and the rupture from this right-lateral earthquake propagated mostly unilaterally to the east and up-dip.Tectonic surface rupture with dextral slip of up to 20cm was observed on two tens-meter long segments near the CENC epicenter and 32.6km to the east along the Muji Fault,the later was along a previously existing strand of the Holocene Muji fault scarps.Focal mechanisms are consistent with right-lateral motion along a plane striking 107°,dipping 76° to the south,with a rake of 174°.This plane is compatible with the observed tectonic surface rupture.More than 388 aftershocks were detected and located using a double-difference technique.The mainshock is relocated at the Muji Fault with a depth of 9.3km.The relocated hypocenters of the 2016 Arketao earthquake sequence showed a more than 85km long,less than 8km wide,and 5~13km deep,NWW trending streak of seismicity to the south of the Muji Fault.The focal mechanism and mapping of the surface rupture helped to document the south-dipping fault plane of the mainshock.The listric Muji Fault is outlined by the well-resolved south-dipping streak of seismicity.The 2016 Arketao M_W6.6 and 2015 Murghob M_W7.2 earthquakes highlight the importance role of strike-slip faulting in accommodating both east-west extensional and north-south compressional forces in the Pamir interior,and demonstrate that the present-day stress and deformation patterns in the northern Pamir plateau are dominant by east-west extension in the shallow upper crust.     

考虑卷积完全匹配层数值色散的井间电磁三维正演

本文将以卷积完全匹配层为吸收边界条件的时域有限差分法应用到井间电磁的三维正演模拟中. 证明了卷积完全匹配层中的数值色散会因为有效延伸因子而产生,列举常规有效延伸因子和网格间距对电磁波相速度各向异性的影响,并通过波场快照验证卷积完全匹配层中数值色散的存在;进而推广三维卷积完全匹配层中最大有效延伸因子、最大网格间距与激励源主频之间的约束,以此完善卷积完全匹配层的最优参数设置方案. 在此基础上,通过正演结果中二次场的垂直磁场分量和走时来展示灵敏度分布,以此划定井间电磁勘探的优势区域,提出井间电磁正反演所需要的约束测井系列和最佳取井方案.