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601.
Modeling Vulnerability and Resilience to Climate Change: A Case Study of India and Indian States 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
The vulnerability of India and Indian states to climate change was assessed using the Vulnerability-Resilience Indicator Prototype
(VRIP). The model was adapted from the global/country version to account for Indian dietary practices and data availability
with regard to freshwater resources. Results (scaled to world values) show nine Indian states to be moderately resilient to
climate change, principally because of low sulfur emissions and a relatively large percentage of unmanaged land. Six states
are more vulnerable than India as a whole, attributable largely to sensitivity to sea storm surges. Analyses of results at
the state level (Orissa, and comparisons between Maharashtra and Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh) demonstrate
the value of VRIP analyses used in conjunction with other socio-economic information to address initial questions about the
sources of vulnerability in particular places. The modeling framework allows analysts and stakeholders to systematically evaluate
individual and sets of indicators and to indicate where the likely vulnerabilities are in the area being assessed. 相似文献
602.
The evolutionary history of the Pacific Ocean is reconstructed back to 60 m.y. B.P. based on the Hawaiian Island chain and Emperor seamounts, which join at an elbow to form the Hawaiian hotspot trace on the Pacific plate. This trace can be interpreted as a series of two rotations of the Pacific plate about the Hawaiian hotspot, presently located beneath Hawaii. Utilizing a pair of rotation poles in accordance with previously proposed models, the evolution can be described by the following:
- 1. (1) a rotation of 0.8°/m.y. about the Emperor pole of 17°N and 107°W from 60 to 42 m.y. B.P., and
- 2. (2) a rotation of 0.89°/m.y. about the Hawaiian pole of 69°N and 68°W from 42 m.y. B.P. to present.
- 1. (1) the hotspot trace must continually pass through the hotspot,
- 2. (2) the elbow must reach the hotspot at 42 m.y. B.P,
- 3. (3) transform faults must lie on observed fracture zones,
- 4. (4) the first contact between the North American and Pacific plates must occur at about 30 m.y. B.P., and
- 5. (5) the motion between the North American and Pacific plates has been right-lateral from 30 m.y. B.P. to present.
603.
Amanda Tosi Maria Elizabeth Zucolotto Diana Paula Andrade Othon Cabo Winter Daniela Cardozo Mourão Rafael Sfair Karen Ziegler Pablo Daniel Perez Sergio Suarez Iara Deniz Ornellas Marcelo Zurita Julio Cezar Mendes Alexander Wilhelm Kellner Wania Wolff 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2023,58(5):621-642
On August 19, 2020, at 13:18—UTC, a meteor event ended as a meteorite shower in Santa Filomena, a city in the Pernambuco State, northeast Brazil. The heliocentric orbital parameters resulting from images by cameras of the weather broadcasting system were semimajor axis a = 2.1 ± 0.1 au, eccentricity e = 0.55 ± 0.03, and inclination i = 0.15o ± 0.05. The data identified the body as an Apollo object, an Earth-crossing object with a pericenter interior to the Earth's orbit. The chemical, mineralogical, and petrological evaluations, as well as the physical analysis, followed several traditional techniques. The meteorite was identified as a H5-6 S4 W0 ordinary chondrite genomict breccia. The large amount of metal in the meteorite made a metallographic evaluation based on the opaque phases possible. The monocrystalline kamacite crystals suggest a higher petrological type and the distorted Neumann lines imply at least two different shock events. The absence of the plessite phase shows that the meteorite did not reach the highest shock levels S5 and S6. The well-defined polycrystalline taenite is indicative of petrologic types 4 and 5 due to the conserved internal tetrataenite rim at the boundaries. The presence of polycrystalline taenites and the characteristics of the Agrell Effect suggest that the Santa Filomena meteorite did not reheat above 700°C. The absence of martensite confirms reheating temperatures <800°C and a slow cooling rate. The Ni contents and sizes of the zoned taenite particles indicate a slow cooling rate ranging from 1 to 10 K Myr−1. 相似文献
604.
Elizabeth Dologlou 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2014,103(6):1725-1728
An independent approach, based on a power law relation interconnecting the lead time of precursory signals and the stress drop of forthcoming earthquake, confirms the reported evidence that the observed magnetic field anomaly and consequently, according to Maxwell’s laws, electric field anomaly prior to Mw 6.3 Aquila earthquake in 2009 exhibit features of criticality. Precisely, by inserting the data from Aquila earthquake in this power law, we get an exponent α = 0.329, which is in excellent agreement with previously found ones and falls within the range values (0.3–0.4) for critical exponents for fracture. This fact implies that upon the initiation of the observed magnetic field anomaly and the associated electric signal prior to Aquila earthquake, the prefocal area enters into a critical stage where nonlinear dynamic processes, typical behaviour of a system close to criticality, prevail. 相似文献
605.
Ofelia Morton-Bermea Juan Miguel Gómez-Bernal María Aurora Armienta Rufino Lozano Elizabeth Hernández-Álvarez Francisco Romero Javier Castro-Larragoitia 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(12):5207-5213
The present work aims to assess the efficiency of heavy metal accumulation of native species growing in contaminated soils in the mining district of Taxco, Mexico. Soil and tailing sampling was conducted in three study sites: La Concha, El Fraile, and a control site. The study localities present diverse metal concentrations with significant differences in their proportion in the geochemical fractions. Results show that species Cupressus lindleyi and Juniperus deppeana accumulate Zn and Mn in anomalous concentrations at La Concha, where Zn is present in soluble fractions. Manganese, despite not being present mostly in the soluble fraction in soils and tailings, seems to have been increased in the soluble fraction after the plant growth. In contrast, samples of the same species taken at El Fraile and in the control site, where Zn and Mn are mainly contained in the residual fraction, do not show an anomalous enrichment. Other analyzed species growing under the same contamination conditions in La Concha (Jacaranda mimosifolia and Psidium guajava) do not show anomalous concentrations. These facts confirm the Zn and Mn accumulation capacity of C. lindleyi and Ju. deppeana, which depends on their accumulation ability and on the concentration of these elements in the soluble fraction. 相似文献
606.
Ricardo Vega-Granillo Alicia Sarmiento-Villagrana Sergio Salgado-Souto Elizabeth Araux-Sánchez 《International Geology Review》2017,59(7):812-828
The Western Sonobari Complex in northwestern Mexico consists of metamorphosed rocks mostly derived from Palaeozoic (?) sedimentary and Mesozoic igneous protoliths. Rocks of this complex display amphibolite facies orogenic metamorphism, pervasive foliation, migmatization, and four folding phases. These features are ascribed to a contractional tectonic event with NNW–SSE shortening direction, which caused thrusting, thickening of the crust, and sinking of the lithological units. U–Pb geochronology of migmatitic leucosome bands indicates that peak metamorphic conditions were reached between ~93 and 89 Ma. Post-tectonic Late Cretaceous peraluminous aplite-pegmatite dikes transect the metamorphic foliation. Traditional thermobarometry in the metamorphic rocks yields average pressures and temperatures of 9.0–7.1 kbar and 745–663°C, typical of intermediate P/T Barrovian metamorphism. On the basis of its age and contractional character, the thickening event originating the metamorphism may be related to collision of the Alisitos island arc against crustal blocks of Mexico. Thermobarometric data of post-tectonic intrusives including Late Cretaceous granodiorite and Eocene gabbro indicate emplacement within an overthickened crust, while P-T conditions of post-tectonic dikes point towards an almost isothermal decompression path along the amphibolite facies field. Rock units of similar age and metamorphic character are discontinuously exposed from the Islas Marias offshore the Nayarit coast to the Peninsular Ranges batholith of Baja California, and even extend north into the Sierra Nevada batholith and the Sevier hinterland. This extensive belt of Barrovian metamorphic rocks thus provides a record of middle Cretaceous shortening and crustal thickening related to arc-continent collision followed by subduction resuming. 相似文献
607.
608.
An Attempt to Close the Daytime Surface Energy Balance Using Spatially-Averaged Flux Measurements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matthias Mauder Raymond L. Desjardins Elizabeth Pattey Devon Worth 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,136(2):175-191
Single-tower eddy-covariance measurements represent the complete surface flux of a scalar only under idealized conditions.
Therefore, we often find an underestimation of energy fluxes expressed as a lack of energy balance closure at many sites.
In this study, a multi-tower approach to measure atmospheric energy fluxes based on spatial averaging is evaluated and possible
mechanisms causing a lack of energy balance closure are analysed, focussing on daytime data only. It is shown that the multi-tower
technique is also unable to measure the entire flux for our site, likely because the assumption of horizontal homogeneity
is violated. Heterogeneity-induced and buoyancy-driven quasi-stationary circulations are probably the dominant processes causing
the underestimation of energy fluxes. A dependence of the energy balance residual on stability is found, with residuals close
to zero for stable stratification, a maximum under unstable to near-neutral conditions and still relatively large residuals
for stronger instability. Assuming the processes transporting energy and CO2 are similar, the implications on long-term CO2 flux measurements are analysed. Accordingly, the resulting selective systematic error of cumulative net ecosystem exchange
estimates for agricultural regions such as ours can be of the order of more than 100%, since mainly the fluxes during periods
of net CO2 uptake are underestimated while periods of net CO2 release are much less affected by this bias. Further investigations about this issue are highly warranted. 相似文献
609.
Abandoned channel fill sequences in the tidal estuary of a small mountainous,dry‐summer river 下载免费PDF全文
Andrew B. Gray Gregory B. Pasternack Elizabeth B. Watson Miguel A. Goñi 《Sedimentology》2016,63(1):176-206
This study proposes a modification of the current model for abandoned channel fill stratigraphy produced in unidirectional flow river reaches to incorporate seasonal tidal deposition. Evidence supporting this concept came from a study of two consecutive channel abandonment sequences in Ropers Slough of the lower Eel River Estuary in northern California. Aerial photographs showed that Ropers Slough was abandoned around 1943, reoccupied after the 1964 flood, and abandoned again in 1974 with fill continuing to the present. Planform geomorphic characteristics derived from these images were used in conjunction with sub‐centimetre resolution stratigraphic analyses to describe depositional processes and their resultant sedimentary deposits. Both abandonment sequences recorded quasi‐annual scale fluvial/tidal deposition couplets. In both cases, tidal deposits contained very little sand, were higher in organic and inorganic carbon content than the sandier, fluvially dominated deposits, and possessed millimetre‐scale horizontal laminations. The two abandonment fills differed significantly in terms of the temporal progression of channel narrowing and fluvial sediment deposition characteristics. Aerial photographic analysis showed that the first abandonment sequence led to a more rapid narrowing of Ropers Slough and produced deposits with a positive relationship between grain size/deposit thickness and discharge. The second abandonment resulted in a much slower narrowing of Ropers Slough and generally thinner fluvial deposits with no clear relationship between grain size/deposit thickness and discharge. The δ13C values and organic nitrogen to organic carbon ratios of deposits from the first phase overlapped with Eel River suspended sediment characteristics found for low flows (one to five times mean discharge), while those of the second phase were consistent with suspended sediment from higher flows (seven to ten times mean discharge). When considered together, the results indicate that the early fill sequence recorded a reach experiencing regular fluvial deposition through flow conditions during the wet season, while the latter fill sequence records a reach more disconnected from the main stem in terms of flow and sediment. The major factor affecting the difference in sedimentation between the two fill periods appears to have been the morphology of the upstream river bend in relation to the position of the bifurcation node. During the first fill period, the upstream entrance to Ropers Slough seems to have remained open, in part due to the placement of its entrance on the outside of the mainstem river bend, and despite stronger tidal effects caused by a larger tidal prism and closer proximity to the tidal inlet. By the second fill sequence, the upstream bend morphology had altered, placing the entrance to Ropers Slough on the inner bank of the mainstem bend, which resulted in more rapid plug bar formation. The role of tidal effects in the geomorphic trajectory of the two abandonment sequences is unclear, but appears to have been less important than local bifurcation geometry. 相似文献
610.
Urban and suburban storm water runoff as a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to Massachusetts estuarine and coastal environments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Charles A. Menzie Susanne S. Hoeppner Jerome J. Cura Jonathan S. Freshman Elizabeth N. LaFrey 《Estuaries and Coasts》2002,25(2):165-176
Urban and suburban storm water runoff from ten locations in eastern Massachusetts was analyzed for 39 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds. Similar profiles in PAH composition were observed for groups of samples and appear to reflect land use. The largest group includes, urban storm water from areas with a mix of industrial, commercial, and residential use. Fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo (b) fluoranthene were the predominant compounds in this group, but lighter molecular weight PAHs were also present. Sources of PAHs to storm water include a combination of petroleum and combustion. The profile of PAH compounds in local atmospheric deposition was similar to urban storm water, but differed in several of the predominant compounds. PAHs in storm water could increase the levels of these compounds in nearshore sediments and may be the most important source of high molecular weight PAHs to these environments. 相似文献