燕山地区褶皱冲断带和盆地中的晚侏罗世土城子组/后城组形成分析

土城子组/后城组为广泛分布在中国北方的燕山褶皱冲断带和盆地中晚侏罗世的典型碎屑岩沉积.本文主要是针对目前在燕山地区的通行的有关土城子组/后城组、及其之下的髫髻山组/ 蓝旗组,和上覆的张家口组/东岭台组火山岩的相关对比方法提出质疑.其他同行近期发表相关的氩-氩法和铀-铅法同位素测年数据指出髫髻山组/蓝旗组年龄为175～147 Ma、土城子组/后城组年龄为156～139 Ma、张家口组/东岭台组年龄为147～127 Ma,显而易见,上述地层组的年龄是相互重叠的.这些测年数据说明以往的地层对比是有问题的,燕山造山带在中、晚侏罗世所发育的火山岩和沉积岩地层是穿时的.因此,传统上用(165±5) Ma 和(135±5) Ma之间的区域不整合来作为划分髫髻山组和后城组的层序界限是值得商榷的.尽管一些髫髻山组的火山岩和土城子组/后城组的沉积岩是与向南或向北的冲断作用相伴生的,但在髫髻山组和土城子组/后城组沉积之间的30～35 Ma的时间间隔内却是相对的构造平静期.这一结论是基于以往的髫髻山组和土城子组之间为假整合或平行不整合的观点所得出的.新近基于对承德盆地土城子组地层形成研究分析认为承德冲断层的实际位移距离应小于Davis等2001年所提出的位移距离,笔者接受这一观点.但笔者并不同意在承德地区土城子组的沉积主要是受控于承德北部的向南冲断作用.现今承德向形盆地主要是由于向北冲断的承德县冲断层下盘变形的结果, 主要是(1) 它向北发生倒转;(2) 盆地南部的粗碎屑沉积的物源主要是来源于承德县的异地体.土城子组/后城组的沉积没有必要完全受控于构造作用.土城子组/后城组的沉积是紧随着在燕山部分地区发生的,持续了20～25 Ma 的髫髻山组/蓝旗组火山及岩浆活动.在中、晚侏罗世期间,燕山地区的岩浆活动必定导致地形的起伏,这就为快速剥蚀及粗碎屑的沉积提供了有利条件.最后需要指出的是,从前所提及的有关燕山带的土城子组/后城组和阴山带的大青山组的地层对比的依据并不存在.     

能源与全球环境

目前,“可再生能源”这个词已进入技术发展的阶段。我们目前利用的能源是不可再生的。我们生活在都市中。由于太阳光照射1小时的能量即可满足我们一年的能源需要,今后的能源利用必定要考虑太阳能。利用地球内部的热量梯度即地热能在今后亦是诱人的。原子能尤其是聚变能的潜力极大,但尚没有迹象表明,人类非得将精力消耗在利用裂变能上不可,尽管目前这方面的技术有被滥用的趋势。     

加拿大提敏斯地区加尔肖和马尔加铁建造容矿金矿床

引言在太古宙,火山-沉积岩层遍布于全世界,金与条带状铁建造有一种联系。围绕这种联系的性质和同生成因与后生成因模式引起了争论。就津巴布韦一些矿床来说,Fripp(1976)提出了赞成铁建造容矿金矿床为同生成因的证据。对巴西马里亚纳的帕萨格姆矿床而言,Fleischer和Routhir(1973)也提出了赞成铁建造容矿金矿床为同生成因的证据。Page(1979)认为,西北地区的卡拉通湖金矿床也是同生成因的铁建造容矿的     

罗彼斯金矿:美国密执安州伊什珀明的太古宙火山碎屑岩中一个黄铁矿型金矿床

引言罗彼斯金矿床于1979—1985年间由卡拉汉采矿公司据勘探和开发工作所取得的资料进行了叙述,并由资历较深的作者对其岩石和化学分析作了补充,这些资料均作为论文部分正在编写中。有关矿床成因的解释是初步的。罗彼斯金矿床位于密执安州伊什珀明区。金矿发现于1880年,1882—1897年间已开采矿石195000吨。获得金1029公斤,银2057公斤。1935—1937年经Calumet和Hecla联合铜公司扩大地表和地下勘探圈定了以浸染黄铁矿为特征的另外1393000吨矿石,其平     

Cambrian Stem-group Cnidarians with a New Species from the Cambrian Series 3 of the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea

Five species, Lipopora lissa Jell and Jell, 1976, Lipopora daseia Jell and Jell, 1976, Tretocylichne perplexa Engelbretsen, 1993 from Australia, Cambroctoconus orientalis Park, Woo, Lee, Lee, Lee, Han and Chough, 2011 from China, and Cambroctoconus kyrgyzstanicus Peel, 2014 from Kyrgyzstan, belonging to the Cambrian stem-group cnidarians have been documented in the fossil record. Cambroctoconus coreaensis sp. nov., interpreted here as a stem-group cnidarian, from the Seokgaejae section in the Daegi Formation, Taebaek Group (Cambrian Series 3), Taebaeksan Basin, central-eastern Korean Peninsula, has a slender cup-shaped skeleton. A cladistic analysis produced 21 most parsimonious trees, which invariably placed the six stem-group cnidarians below the crown-group, but their relationships within the stem-group are unresolved. Nine out of the 21 trees suggest a monophyletic relationship for the Cambrian stem-group cnidarians, whereas in six other trees a monophyly of Cambroctoconus and Tretocylichne appeared as the sister-group to the crown-group cnidarians with Lipopora at the most basal branch. This result may reflect the fact that crown-group cnidarians evolved in the Precambrian, and suggests that the diversity of stem-group cnidarians was a result of an independent radiation in the Cambrian.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000594

A new model is suggested for the history of the Baikal Rift,in deviation from the classic two-stage evolution scenario,based on a synthesis of the available data from the Baikal Basin and revised correlation between tectonic-lithological-stratigraphic complexes(TLSC) in sedimentary sections around Lake Baikal and seismic stratigraphic sequences(SSS) in the lake sediments.Unlike the previous models,the revised model places the onset of rifting during Late Cretaceous and comprises three major stages which are subdivided into several substages.The stages and the substages are separated by events of tectonic activity and stress reversal when additional compression produced folds and shear structures.The events that mark the stage boundaries show up as gaps,unconformities,and deformation features in the deposition patterns. The earliest Late Cretaceous-Oligocene stage began long before the India-Eurasia collision in a setting of diffuse extension that acted over a large territory of Asia.The NW-SE far-field pure extension produced an NE-striking half-graben oriented along an old zone of weakness at the edge of the Siberian craton.That was already the onset of rift evolution recorded in weathered lacustrine deposits on the Baikal shore and in a wedge-shaped acoustically transparent seismic unit in the lake sediments.The second stage spanning Late Oligocene-Early Pliocene time began with a stress change when the effect from the Eocene India-Eurasia collision had reached the region and became a major control of its geodynamics.The EW and NE transpression and shear from the collisional front transformed the Late Cretaceous half-graben into a U-shaped one which accumulated a deformed layered sequence of sediments.Rifting at the latest stage was driven by extension from a local source associated with hot mantle material rising to the base of the rifted crust.The asthenospheric upwarp first induced the growth of the Baikal dome and the related change from finer to coarser molasse deposition.With time,the upwarp became a more powerful stress source than the collision,and the stress vector returned to the previous NW-SE extension that changed the rift geometry back to a half-graben. The layered Late Pliocene-Quaternary subaerial tectonic-lithological-stratigraphic and the Quaternary submarine seismic stratigraphic units filling the latest half-graben remained almost undeformed.The rifting mechanisms were thus passive during two earlier stages and active during the third stage. The three-stage model of the rift history does not rule out the previous division into two major stages but rather extends its limits back into time as far as the Maastrichtian.Our model is consistent with geological, stratigraphic,structural,and geophysical data and provides further insights into the understanding of rifting in the Baikal region in particular and continental rifting in general.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000508

This paper presents the results of a set of numerical models focussing on structural controls on hydrothermal mineralization.We first give an overview of natural phenomena of structurally-controlled ore formation and the background theory and mechanisms for such controls. We then provide the results of a group of simple 2D numerical models validated through comparison with Cu-vein structure observed near the Shilu Copper deposit(Yangchun,Guangdong Province, China) and finally a case study of 3D numerical modelling applied to the Hodgkinson Province in North Queensland(Australia).Two modelling approaches,discrete deformation modelling and continuum coupled deformation and fluid flow modelling,are involved.The 2D model-derived patterns are remarkably consistent with the Cu-vein structure from the Shilu Copper deposit,and show that both modelling approaches can realistically simulate the mechanical behaviours of shear and dilatant fractures.The continuum coupled deformation and fluid flow model indicates that pattern of the Cuveins near the Shilu deposit is the result of shear strain localization,development of dilation and fluid focussing into the dilatant fracture segments.The 3D case-study models(with deformation and fluid flow coupling) on the Hodgkinson Province generated a number of potential gold mineralization targets.     

黑龙江西部半干旱区干旱特性评估

研究干旱变化对区域生态环境保护和可持续发展具有重要意义.为评价黑龙江西部半干旱区的干旱变化特性,基于1961～2015年6个站点的气象数据,推求不同时间尺度(1、3、6、12、24个月)的标准化降水指数(SPI)和标准化降水-蒸散指数(SPEI);构建线性回归模型评价主要气象因子对降雨的影响以及SPI和SPEI之间的线...