应用岩性统计方法判别沉积相*——以珠江口盆地三角洲沉积为例

传统的沉积相分析方法人为影响因素较大,对于相同的沉积构造、曲线形态及地震反射特征,不同人可能会有不同的认识,而岩性相对比较容易识别,并且能通过精密的仪器准确获得,因此,利用岩性数据进行沉积相判别,可以避免沉积相分析过程中人为认识相标志不同造成的差异。作者以珠江口盆地三角洲沉积的岩性数据为基础,通过对能够反映沉积速率、沉积物供给量及沉积水动力条件的不同岩性地层的厚度和层数的统计,选取单层厚度、地层厚度比、出现频率及层数比等统计参数,以交汇图、岩性百分含量三角图及箱线图为依托,最终建立各沉积亚相的定量判别标准。通过检验,其准确率在75％左右,可见该方法基本可行,为沉积相定量化研究提供了一种可供借鉴的方法。     

基于无偏灰色马尔可夫链的吉林省降水量预测

为了更准确地对吉林省降水量进行预测,分析其时空变化特征,应用无偏灰色马尔可夫链模型对8个具有代表性的雨量站进行降水量预测,并根据预报结果讨论历史数据波动性与预报精度的关系。其中：83%以上预测结果合格,白城、乾安、长春、蛟河、四平、通化6个地区降水量多年呈递减趋势,减幅分别为0.23%、0.09%、0.24%、1.01%、0.51%、0.54%;延吉、靖宇2个地区降水量多年呈递增趋势,增幅分别为2.60%、0.54%。结果表明：无偏灰色马尔可夫链模型预测精度较高,说明该方法适用于吉林省的降水量预测;吉林省中西部地区降水量呈递减趋势,东部地区呈递增趋势,但变幅不大;在波动性与预报精度的关系方面,时间序列的波动性越大预测所产生的误差越大。     

天然气水合物开采储层出砂研究进展与思考

天然气水合物开采井眼出砂问题是当前水合物产业化急需突破的瓶颈之一,解决水合物开采时防砂与产能平衡问题是实现水合物安全高效、长期可控开采的关键.我国海域典型水合物储层属于弱固结的低渗泥质粉砂储层,其面临的防砂控泥与增产矛盾较为突出.厘清不同水合物储层和开采条件下的井眼出砂规律并揭示其机理,进而制定科学合理的防砂控泥措施以实现产能最大化是解决上述矛盾的途径所在.从理论分析、数值模拟、室内实验和现场试采4个角度介绍了世界范围内已开展的水合物出砂防砂情况,分析总结了水合物储层出砂影响因素及出砂机理,最后探讨了目前出砂研究存在的问题和挑战,并给出了相应的建议,旨在为后续水合物开采井眼出砂预测和防控研究提供思路和参考.     

黄土对含油废水的吸附作用研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了兰州地区黄土对含油废水中石油类污染物的吸附作用,并对温度、pH、土壤粒径、有机质含量和含盐量等影响吸附作用的因素进行了分析。实验结果表明:该类型黄土对可溶性石油饱和溶液的吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模式,其吸附能力随温度、pH的升高而降低;吸附量随土壤粒径的减小呈增大趋势;吸附量与土壤有机质含量、含盐量呈线性关系,随着有机质含量、含盐量的增高吸附量增大。     

Sediment records of environmental changes in the south end of the Zhejiang-Fujian coastal mud area during the past 100 years

Previous studies carried out in the East China Sea （ECS） mud area focused on long-term environmental changes in sedimentary records during the Holoeene, especially during the mid-Holocene high-stand water levels period. These results indicate that sensitive grain size groups can be used as a sedimentary proxy to reconstruct the evolution of the East Asian Winter Monsoon （EAWM）. The studies have been carried out mainly in the northern and middle portions of the Zhejiang-Fujian coastal mud, however, similar research in the southern portion and the comparison between sedimentary proxy and modern measured data of EAWM are lacking. In this paper, we focused on a sedimentary record of the past 100 years with an enhanced resolution of 1.8 years. Investigations of the southern end of the Zhejiang-Fujian coastal mud area were conducted on the basis of 21~Pb chronology, grain-size analysis and chemical element analysis. The correspondence between the mean grain size （Mz） of sediment sensitive grain size and the measured EAWM was confirmed for the first time. We found that during the recent 100 years, the variation of the mean grain size of the sensitive population in the southern portion of the Zhejiang-Fujian mud was mainly controlled by the EAWM intensity changes; and not directly related to changes in the sediment discharge from Datong station of the Changjiang River （DTSD）. Finally, recent changes in the content of heavy metals in study area reflect the impact of human activities on the environment.     

华南农田下垫面地气交换和能量收支的观测研究

利用2004年11月至12月在广东省惠州地区进行的湍流连续观测资料,分析非均匀农田近地面层的基本气象要素特征以及水汽和CO2的浓度与通量输送规律,作为今后深入探讨地表非均匀性效应的基础.通过各辐射分量和感热、潜热与土壤热通量的特征分析,研究能量收支的基本状况,并讨论了造成显著能量"不平衡"的原因.观测的基本结果是:(1)近地面1.8 m高度处以北风为主,风速大多低于2 m/s,正午入射太阳辐射约700 W/m2;CO2浓度的日变化范围为600～900 mg/m3,水汽为5～25 g/m3.(2)各气象要素呈现明显的日变化,当地温度日较差约10℃,相对湿度始终高于50%.CO2和水汽的浓度在夜间较白天高,二者的日平均值为713.7 mg/m3和15.9 g/m3;利用涡旋相关法,测得二者的通量在白天高于夜间,日平均值为25.3 mg·m-2·s-1和-4.7×10-2mg·m-2·s.当地的日平均波文(Bowen)比仅为0.04,这主要是由于当地的高湿度造成的.(3)当地存在显著的能量"不平衡"现象,正午时的差额热通量可高达150 W/m2,这可能与平均垂直运动输送的作用、观测误差以及通量和辐射观测的"源地"不匹配等原因有关.研究结果与荒漠、城市和稻田下垫面的观测事实进行了定量比较.     

云雷达和微波辐射计联合反演大气湿度廓线的初步研究

利用中国气象局大气探测试验基地的微波辐射计亮温值、对应的云雷达测得的反射率因子和L波段探空数据,采用BP(back propagation)神经网络作为反演工具,反演得到大气垂直湿度廓线。将天气情况分为晴天、低云、中云和高云四种情况,对比不加入反射率因子的反演湿度廓线,分析两种反演方法在各高度层的均方根误差。对比结果表明,加入反射率因子的反演湿度廓线与探空廓线的相关系数平均值为0.862,均方根误差为14. 9%,而不添加反射率因子的相关系数平均值为0.763,均方根误差为19.2%。     

THE MEASUREMENT ON VISCOSITY Q VALUE USINGP-WAVE OF LOCAL EARTHQUAKESIN WESTERN YUNNAN PROVINCE 滇西地区近震(?)波的粘性 Q_α值测定

本文使用云南滇西地区、红河断裂带北段1984——1985年由PDR-2数字事件记录仪记录到的84张地震记录图,按文献〔4〕中所述的理论和方法,用直达(?)波资料计算了该区的分区粘性多Q_α值,初步结论是:整个场区内介质粘弹性可用非线性体去近似模拟。Q_α值分布情况为:由云龙、洱源、漾濞三点所成的三角区内,其值约为50±30左右较低,而沿弥渡向北,经下关至剑川所示的整个断裂带上所测Q_α值较高,约在160±30左右。反映了明显的构造差异性。     

Spatio-temporal evolution of urban innovation structure based on zip code geodatabase: An empirical study from Shanghai and Beijing

In today’s world, the innovation of science and technology has become the key support for improving comprehensive national strength and changing the mode of social production and lifestyle. The country that possesses world-class scientific and technological innovation cities maximizes the attraction of global innovation factors and wins a strategic initiative in international competition. Based on the urban zip code geodatabase, an evaluation system of urban innovation with the perspective of innovation outputs, and the spatial evolutionary mode, concerning the structure of innovation space of Shanghai and Beijing from 1991 to 2014, was developed. The results of the research indicated that the zip code geodatabase provided a new perspective for studying the evolving spatial structure of urban innovation. The resulting evaluation of the spatial structure of urban innovation using the urban zip code geodatabase established by connecting random edge points, was relatively effective. The study illustrates the value of this methodology. During the study period, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated many common features: with the increase in urban space units participating in innovation year by year, the overall gap of regional innovation outputs has narrowed, and the trend towards spatial agglomeration has strengthened. The evolving spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai and Beijing demonstrated differences between the common features during the 25 years as well: in the trend towards the suburbanization of innovation resources, the spatial structure of innovation of Shanghai evolved from a single-core to a multi-core structure. A radiation effect related to traffic arteries as spatial diffusion corridors was prominent. Accordingly, a spatial correlation effect of its innovation outputs also indicated a hollowness in the city center; the spatial structure of innovation of Beijing had a single-core oriented structure all the way. Together with the tendency for innovation resources to be agglomerated in the city center, the spatial correlation effect of innovation outputs reflected the characteristics of the evolutionary feature where “rural area encircles cities”. The innovation spatial structure of Shanghai and Beijing have intrinsic consistency with the spatial structure of their respective regions (Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region), which suggested that the principle of proportional and disproportional distribution of a city-scale pattern of technological and innovational activities is closely related to its regional innovation pattern.     

冀西北长城纪宣龙式铁矿层中微体植物化石的发现及其意义

本文研究的是笔者等在冀西北长城系串岭沟组宣龙式铁矿层中发现的微体植物化石,这些化石都保存在铁质叠层石(肾状赤铁矿)和铁质核形石(鲕状赤铁矿)的基本层中。微化石以丝状体为主,部分为球状体。归属于原核生物蓝藻门颤藻科的两个属和色球藻科的一个属。化石层同位素年龄约在1800—1757Ma。这些化石与北美冈弗林特组微化石比较,既有些相似,又有些区别。该化石的发现为研究铁矿的成因,指示沉积环境及层位对比都很有意义。