Prediction of vegetation anomalies over an inland river basin in north‐western China

Vegetation cover plays an important role in linking the atmosphere, water, and land and is deemed as a key indicator in the terrestrial ecological system. Therefore, it is of great importance to monitor vegetation dynamics and understand the mechanisms of vegetation change, including that driven by climate change. This study examines (a) the evolution of vegetation dynamics over the Heihe River Basin in the typical arid zone in north‐western China using nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and Thiel Sen's slope; (b) the relationships between remotely sensed vegetation indices (normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI] and enhanced vegetation index [EVI]) and hydroclimatic variables based on correlation analysis; and (c) the prediction of vegetation anomalies using a multiple linear regression model. For the analysis, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer NDVI/EVI product and the gridded daily meteorological data at a spatial resolution of 0.125° over the period 2001–2010 are considered. The results indicate that vegetation cover improved over a large proportion during 2001–2010, with a significant trend towards warm and wet, characterized by an increase in average annual temperature and precipitation by 0.042 °C/year and 5.8 mm/year, respectively. We test the feasibility of NDVI and EVI in quantifying the responses of vegetation anomaly to climate change and develop a statistical model to predict vegetation dynamics in the basin. The NDVI‐based model is found to be more reliable than the EVI‐based model, partly due to the vegetation characteristics and geomorphologic properties of the study region. The proposed model performs well when there is no lag time between meteorological factors and vegetation indices for grassland and cropland, whereas 1‐month lead time prediction is found to be best for forest. The soil water content is introduced as an extra explanatory variable, which effectively improves the prediction accuracy for different land use types. In general, the predictive ability of the proposed model is stable and satisfactory, and the model can provide useful early warning information for regional water resources management under changing climate.     

河北省及邻区数字电扰动干扰分析

通过对河北省及邻区数字电扰动观测资料进行分析和环境调查,发现主要干扰因素为供电或漏电干扰。如:昌黎地震台地电阻率整点测量受到供电干扰,三河地震台受到恒远自动化仪表厂工作时段供电干扰,高碑店地震台受到商场大型设备供电干扰,广平地震台受到UPS交流电源漏电干扰,昌平地震台受到地铁运行漏电干扰等。电扰动干扰形态相似,均为超过本底值几倍、数十倍乃至上百倍的高值脉冲变化。     

Adsorption characteristics of copper ion on nanoporous silica

Adsorption by nanoporous media is critically involved in many fundamental geological and geochemical processes including chemical weathering,element migration and enrichment,environmental pollution,etc.Yet,the adsorption behavior of metal ions on nanoporous materials has not been systematically investigated.In this study,MCM-41 material with a monodisperse pore size(4.4 nm)and a large BET specific surface area(839 m^2/g)was hydrothermally prepared and used as a model silica adsorbent to study the adsorption characteristics of Cu^2+as a representative metal ion.The Cu^2+adsorption capacity was found to increase with increasing suspension pH in the range from 3 to 5 and to decrease in the presence of NaNO3.At 25℃,pH=5,and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 5 g/L,the adsorption capacity was determined to be 0.29 mg/g,which can be converted to a dimensionless partition coefficient of 45,indicating a strong enriching effect of nanoporous silica.The adsorption isotherm and kinetic data were fitted to several commonly used thermodynamic,kinetic,and diffusion models.The adsorption mechanism was also studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy.The results suggest that Cu2+ion adsorption is an entropy-driven endothermal process,possibly involving both outer-sphere and inner-sphere complexes.     

VPN技术在流动测震台网中的应用

应急流动测震台网和遥测地震台网的性质不同,因此在组建方式上也具有差异性。VPN是一种新的网络技术,它能够提供远程访问,外部网和内部网的连接,价格比专线或者帧中继网络要低得多。目前,VPN技术在专用的传输业务中得到了广泛的应用。本文简要介绍了VPN技术原理,以及通过运用该技术借助GPRS和CDMA传输网络来实现流动测震信号的远程传输。     

汶川8.0级地震前后全国倾斜场变化初步分析

由于岩石介质的不均匀型,在易破区域会出现应力积累,伴随着倾斜会出现较大的变化。由岩石破裂实验可以看出破裂区在破裂前出现了体积变大（鼓包）或变小（凹坑）现象,如果在岩石表面放置倾斜仪器,我们不难得出各仪器的倾斜方向指向或背向破裂点。本文采用全国前兆台网地倾斜（水管）数据,使用5次曲面函数区域插值的方法,拟合出地倾斜场（图1）。     

The application of auto-temperature-controlled ventilation embankment in Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Auto-temperature-controlled ventilation embankment is an effective engineering measure for “cooling roadbed”. Practice proves that this new method can sufficiently make use of natural cold energy. It has the advantages of higher efficiency, better cooling effect and feasibility in engineering practice, and wider application in various environment, etc. And also, it is comparatively cheap in project cost. Through practice in the field for half a year, the testing results show that, with the application of auto-temperature-controlled system, the artificial permafrost table has been raised by 65 cm. The artificial permafrost table was basically at the embankment bottom, and the action of freeze-thaw circle on engineering stability was effectively avoided. In the month with highest ground temperature, in the scope with 1–4 m in depth, including the majority of the embankment and the upper part in the original seasonal layer, the ground temperature decreased by 0.7°C. Through thermal flux calculation in the original seasonal layer, in the month with the maximum thermal flux coming into permafrost, it is found that the thermal flux reduces nearly by half. Coming into the cooling period for nearly a month, the ground temperature in entire auto-temperature-controlled embankment is close to zero, and the foundation is at negative temperature. But in a large region in the embankment and foundation the ground temperature was over 0°C and varied from 0°C to0.39°C in ordinary ventilation embankment.     

土-桩-钢结构相互作用体系的振动台模型试验

本项试验是研究土-结构相互作用对结构TLD减震控制影响的系列振动台模型试验的组成部分,主要目的是提供相应的对比试验数据。在这组试验中,突出的问题是TLD、上部被控结构和土层三个子系统模型基频间的协调。为了尽可能降低土层模型基频,文中采用了一种具有低剪切波速特性的土层模拟介质。最后,通过土-桩-钢结构系统的振动台模型试验,研究了土-结构相互作用对钢结构动力特性和地震反应的影响。     

On the Occurrence Time of an Earthquake Cluster in the Shanxi Reservoir

INTRODUCTIONEarthquake induced byreservoir is a kind of crust motion andis an outcome of the joint functionof current crustal movement andreservoir storage .The cause of reservoir-induced earthquakesincludesthe decrease of strengthand elasticity modulus of rockonthe one hand,andthe decrease of friction offault surface because of water permeation onthe other .The more large-scale reservoirs built ,the more reservoir-induced earthquakes will happen.As iswell known,reservoir-induced earthqua…     

新近系松散-半胶结砂砾石含水层的注浆改造试验及效果

矿井斜井开拓安全通过新近系砂砾石含水层是一个普遍的难题,为给斜井地面预注浆或帷幕注浆法过砾石层提供依据,新矿集团在内蒙古自治区上海庙西矿区黑梁煤矿主副斜井附近对总厚20—30m的新近系砾石层（夹砂质粘土层）进行了专门注浆试验及抽水、取心等对比验证工作。结果表明。松散一半胶结砾石层虽然在超过1MPa的注浆压力“阀值”后具有一定的可注性,但浆液扩散范围小于2-3m,而且扩散方式不规则、不可控、形不成可靠的浆液扩散加固圈,对砾石层的含、导水性未发现有改善效果。通过本次试验,较好地掌握了松散一半胶结砾石层注浆性能,获得了有关注浆参数和经验,对类似地层的注浆改造和井巷工程的安全施工具有指导意义。