对称扰动与纬向基流的相互作用 I. 倾斜E-P通量理论

该文对对称扰动与纬向基流的相互作用理论进行了深入的研究。这里是该文的第一部分,将E-P通量理论引入到中尺度对称扰动的动力学模型中,重新定义E-P通量为“倾斜E-P通量”。采用“倾斜E-P通量”的新概念,详细讨论了影响平均基流的几个因子作用。特别在中尺度系统对动量、热量的垂直输送项改变影响环境风场、温度场方面进行了讨论。     

山西省主汛期极端变化降水特征

利用环渤海地区60个测站1961～2008年逐日降水资料,采用L矩参数估计方法对各站超临界值日极端降水拟合广义帕雷托分布。结果表明,广义帕雷托分布能够很好地拟合环渤海地区日极端降水的概率分布,其尺度参数、形状参数与极端降水重现期的地理空间分布密切相关,重现期50、100年一遇的日极端降水空间分布基本一致,山东南部、河北西南部、辽宁西部与河北东北部等区域具有较高极端降水值。     

1975年8月上旬河南特大暴雨的研究

本文研究了1975年8月上旬发生在河南省的一次持续性强暴雨。暴雨由深入内陆后停滞少动、强度维持不消的7503号台风造成。本文从尺度相互作用的观点着重分析了暴雨发生的大尺度条件及暴雨对大尺度环境的反馈作用,在此基础上给出了暴雨发生发展的天气学模式,讨论了暴雨维持的机制。     

Multi-Year Simulations and Experimental Seasonal Predictions for Rainy Seasons in China by Using a Nested Regional Climate Model （RegCM_NCC） Part Ⅱ： The Experimental Seasonal Prediction

A nested regional climate model has been experimentally used in the seasonal prediction at the China National Climate Center (NCC) since 2001. The NCC/IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) T63 coupled GCM (CGCM) provides the boundary and initial conditions for driving the regional climate model (RegCM NCC). The latter has a 60-km horizontal resolution and improved physical parameterization schemes including the mass flux cumulus parameterization scheme, the turbulent kinetic energy closure scheme (TKE) and an improved land process model (LPM). The large-scale terrain features such as the Tibetan Plateau are included in the larger domain to produce the topographic forcing on the rain-producing systems. A sensitivity study of the East Asian climate with regard to the above physical processes has been presented in the first part of the present paper. This is the second part, as a continuation of Part I. In order to verify the performance of the nested regional climate model, a ten-year simulation driven by NCEP reanalysis datasets has been made to explore the performance of the East Asian climate simulation and to identify the model’s systematic errors. At the same time, comparative simulation experiments for 5 years between the RegCM2 and RegCM NCC have been done to further understand their differences in simulation performance. Also, a ten-year hindcast (1991–2000) for summer (June–August), the rainy season in China, has been undertaken. The preliminary results have shown that the RegCM NCC is capable of predicting the major seasonal rain belts. The best predicted regions with high anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) are located in the eastern part of West China, in Northeast China and in North China, where the CGCM has maximum prediction skill as well. This fact may reflect the importance of the largescale forcing. One significant improvement of the prediction derived from RegCM NCC is the increase of ACC in the Yangtze River valley where the CGCM has a very low, even a negative, ACC. The reason behind this improvement is likely to be related to the more realistic representation of the large-scale terrain features of the Tibetan Plateau. Presumably, many rain-producing systems may be generated over or near the Tibetan Plateau and may then move eastward along the Yangtze River basin steered by upper-level westerly airflow, thus leading to enhancement of rainfalls in the mid and lower basins of the Yangtze River. The real-time experimental predictions for summer in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 by using this nested RegCM NCC were made. The results are basically reasonable compared with the observations.     

省级气象预报业务系统软件工程开发原则与技术

针对新时期技术装备不断更新、探测手段日益丰富、信息量急剧增长的技术形势,根据气象预报业务对软件系统工程的具体需求,及目前省级气象预报业务软件系统开发人员的具体状况,从可靠性、开放性、可移植性及工作效率等多方面入手,讨论了气象预报业务软件系统工程开发的原则,并对具体技术措施进行了分析。     

STUDY ON CANONICAL AUTOREGRESSION PREDICTION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENT FIELDS*

Through extension of canonical correlation to the analysis of meteorological element fields (MEF), a concept from combination of canonical autocorrelation with canonical autoregression (CAR) is developed for short-term climatic prediction of MEFs with a formulated scheme. Experimental results suggest that the scheme is of encouraging usefulness to a weak persistence MEF,i.e., rainfall field and, in particular, to a strong persistance one like a SST field.     

印度洋海表温度主模态及其与亚洲夏季季风的关系

分析了印度洋SST主模态的时空特征,并探讨其对亚洲夏季季风的影响,结果表明:印度洋SST主模态的主要特征为整个海盆一致的增温趋势,主要具有准3a和准11a周期,在1976/1977年和1997/1998年分别具有两次年代际显著增温.印度洋SST主模态与中国雨区夏季降水有很好的关系,其增温趋势与华北、东北南部、华南东部和西南西部降水减少,长江中下游地区、东北北部和西北地区降水增多具有很好的关系,并与长江中下游梅雨雨量具有较好的正相关关系;其变化趋势对亚洲夏季季风系统具有显著影响,在高空,使南亚高压、高原南侧的高空东风以及从南海、东南亚至西南印度洋的高空越赤道气流减弱,但增强10°-20°N、40°-110°E的北风;在中层,使西北太平洋副热带高压强度偏强,面积偏大;在低层,增强索马里越赤道气流,但却削弱印度夏季季风低层环流,并且在加强东亚地区的低层南风在中国长江中下游地区及其以南地区的同时减弱华北地区的低层西南风;地面,使亚洲大陆的气压升高;与对流层整层垂直积分水汽输送通量的相关分布与低层环流的相似.因此,印度洋SST主模态的上升趋势是亚洲夏季季风趋于减弱和中国雨带南移的一个原因.     

Development and validation of an evaporation duct model. Part II: Evaluation and improvement of stability functions

This study aims to validate and improve the universal evaporation duct (UED) model through a further analysis of the stability function (ψ). A large number of hydrometeorological observations obtained from a tower platform near Xisha Island of the South China Sea are employed, together with the latest variations in ψ function. Applicability of different ψ functions for specific sea areas and stratification conditions is investigated based on three objective criteria. The results show that, under unstable conditions, ψ function of Fairall et al. (1996) (i.e., Fairall96, similar for abbreviations of other function names) in general offers the best performance. However, strictly speaking, this holds true only for the stability (represented by bulk Richardson number R _iB) range ?2.6 ? R _iB < ?0.1; when conditions become weakly unstable (?0.1 ? R _iB < ?0.01), Fairall96 offers the second best performance after Hu and Zhang (1992) (HYQ92). Conversely, for near-neutral but slightly unstable conditions (?0.01 ? R _iB < 0.0), the effects of Edson04, Fairall03, Grachev00, and Fairall96 are similar, with Edson04 being the best function but offering only a weak advantage. Under stable conditions, HYQ92 is the optimal and offers a pronounced advantage, followed by the newly introduced SHEBA07 (by Grachev et al., 2007) function. Accordingly, the most favorable functions, i.e., Fairall96 and HYQ92, are incorporated into the UED model to obtain an improved version of the model. With the new functions, the mean root-mean-square (rms) errors of the modified refractivity (M), 0–5-m M slope, 5–40-m M slope, and the rms errors of evaporation duct height (EDH) are reduced by 21.65%, 9.12%, 38.79%, and 59.06%, respectively, compared to the classical Naval Postgraduate School model.

     

Numerical Simulation of Strongly Stratified Flow Over a Three-Dimensional Hill

A numerical study of stably stratified flow over a three-dimensional hill is presented. Large-eddy simulation is used here to examine in detail the laboratory experimental flows described in the landmark work of Hunt and Snyder about stratified flow over a hill. The flow is linearly stratified and U/Nh is varied from 0.2 to 1.0. Here N and U are the buoyancy frequency and freestream velocity respectively, and h is the height of the hill. The Reynolds number based on the hill height is varied from 365 to 2968. The characteristic flow patterns at various values of U/Nh have been obtained and they are in good agreement with earlier theoretical and experimental results. It is shown that the flow field cannot be predicted by Drazin's theory when recirculation exists at the leeside of the hill even at UNh 1. The wake structure agrees well with a two-dimensional wake assumption when U/Nh 1 but lee waves start to influence the wake structure as U/Nh increases. The dividing-streamline heights obtained in the simulation are in accordance with experimental results and Sheppard's formula. The energy loss along the dividing streamline due to friction/turbulence approximately offsets the energy gained from pressure field. When lee waves are present, linear theory always underestimates the amplitude and overestimates the wavelength of three-dimensional lee waves. The simulated variations of drag coefficients with the parameterK (=ND/ U) are qualitatively consistent with experimental data and linear theory. Here D is the depth of the tank.