Long-term variations of rainfall interception in different growth stages of Chinese fir plantations

Abstract

The dynamic properties of rainfall interception were investigated at three growth stages in Chinese fir plantations. The results showed that the annual interception ratio was significantly higher in mature stands than in young stands. For a storm event, interception rainfall amount increased with increasing rainfall, but interception ratio decreased. In contrast to dry season conditions, the interception amount was high in the wet seasons, while the interception ratio was low. The rates of change in interception ratio were extremely rapid in small rainfall events. There was little stemflow in Chinese fir forests due to the pyramid-shaped crowns and thick rough bark of the trees. The power model was suitable to describe the interception process for an individual rainfall event for stands of any age. Our results indicate that the interception process varied for stands of different ages in Chinese fir plantations due to contrasting canopy structures.     

黄河冲积扇平原浅层地下水中氮循环对砷迁移富集的影响

黄河冲积扇平原浅层地下水砷含量超标情况严重,豫北平原的主体是黄河冲洪积扇平原。全面了解豫北平原浅层地下水氮循环驱动下砷的富集模式,对地下水资源的可持续利用和居民健康至关重要。本文采集豫北平原513组浅层地下水样品,采用原子荧光光谱法测定砷含量,原子吸收光谱和离子色谱等方法进行全分析及微量元素分析,对该地区高砷地下水的水化学成分以及地下水中硝酸盐、氨氮与砷之间的相关关系进行探究,并研究了氮循环对地下水中砷迁移富集的影响。结果表明：研究区浅层地下水中砷浓度超标率为17.3%。不同沉积环境条件下氮的赋存形态和转化方式是砷富集的重要驱动因素。山前冲洪积扇裙带中经硝化作用产生大量NO3-,浓度平均值为9.3mg/L,为各区最高,同时砷浓度为各区最低,平均值为1.3μg/L,NO3-与砷浓度之间良好的负相关性表明硝化作用产生大量NO3-,不利于含砷氧化铁的溶解;NH4+含量较高的冲洪积扇前洼地及黄河决口扇地区,为高砷地下水的聚集地,两地地下水砷浓度平均值分别为49.7μg/L和18.9μg/L,超标率达到87.5%和71.4%。地下水中砷含量与NH4+之间良好的正相关关系表明,反硝化和硝酸异化还原成铵（DNRA）过程消耗了地下水中的NO3-,生成大量NH4+,促进吸附了砷的铁氧化物的还原溶解而导致砷释放到地下水中,形成了富集砷的环境。     

京、津、唐地区中元古代沉积型海泡石粘土矿床

京、津、唐地区沉积型海泡石粘土矿分布广泛。含矿岩系为蓟县系雾迷山组富镁碳酸盐岩,区域构造简单,岩浆活动微弱。研究成果表明:本区海泡石粘土矿矿点多,储量丰富,矿层厚度大,埋藏浅,易开采。矿石矿物组合简单,化学成分富镁钙低硅,物理-化学性能优良。经选矿试验海泡石粘土矿可选性良好,回收率高,成本低廉,开发前景可观。      

Vegetation cover variation in the Qilian Mountains and its response to climate change in 2000–2011

An understanding 0f variati0ns in vegetati0n c0ver in resp0nse t0 climate change is critical f0r predicting and managing future terrestrial ec0system dynamics. Because scientists anticipate that m0untain ec0systems will be m0re sensitive t0 future climate change c0mpared t0 0thers, 0ur 0bjectives were t0 investigate the impacts 0f climate change 0n variati0n in vegetati0n c0ver in the Qilian M0untains （QLM）, China, between 2000 and 2011. T0 acc0mplish this, we used linear regressi0n techniques 0n 250-m MODIS N0rmalized Difference Vegetati0n Index （NDVI） datasets and mete0r0l0gical rec0rds t0 determine spati0temp0ral variability in vegetati0n c0ver and climatic fact0rs （i.e. temperature and precipitati0n）. Our results sh0wed that temperatures and precipitati0n have increased in this regi0n during 0ur study peri0d. In additi0n, we f0und that gr0wing seas0n mean NDVI was mainly distributed in the vertical z0ne fr0m 2,700 m t0 3,600 m in elevati0n. In the study regi0n, we 0bserved significant p0sitive and negative trends in vegetati0n c0ver in 26.71% and 2.27% 0f the vegetated areas. C0rrelati0n analyses indicated that rising precipitati0n fr0m May t0 August was resp0nsible f0r increased vegetati0n c0ver in areas with p0sitive trends in gr0wing seas0n mean NDVI. H0wever, there was n0 similar significant c0rrelati0n between gr0wing seas0n mean NDVI and precipitati0n in regi0ns where vegetati0n c0ver declined thr0ugh0ut 0ur study peri0d. Using spatial statistics, we f0und that veeetati0n c0ver freauentlvdeclined in areas within the 2,500-3,100 m vertical z0ne, where it has steep sl0pe, and is 0n the sunny side 0f m0untains. Here, the p0sitive influences 0f increasing precipitati0n c0uld n0t 0ffset the drier c0nditi0ns that 0ccurred thr0ugh warming trends. In c0ntrast, in higher elevati0n z0nes （3,900-4,500 m） 0n the shaded side 0f the m0untains, rising temperatures and increasing precipitati0n impr0ved c0nditi0ns f0r vegetati0n gr0wth. Increased precipitati0n als0 facilitated vegetati0n gr0wth in areas experiencing warming trends at l0wer elevati0ns （2,000-2,400 m） and 0n l0wer sl0pes where water was m0re easily c0nserved. We suggest that spatial differences in variati0n in vegetati0n as the result 0f climate change depend 0n l0cal m0isture and thermal c0nditi0ns, which are mainly c0ntr0lled by t0p0graphy （e.g. elevati0n, aspect, and sl0pe）, and 0ther fact0rs, such as l0cal hydr0l0gy.     

Critical mechanisms for the formation of extreme arctic sea-ice extent in the summers of 2007 and 1996

Along with significant changes in the Arctic climate system, the largest year-to-year variation in sea-ice extent (SIE) has occurred in the Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi seas (defined here as the area of focus, AOF), among which the two highly contrasting extreme events were observed in the summers of 2007 and 1996 during the period 1979–2012. Although most efforts have been devoted to understanding the 2007 low, a contrasting high September SIE in 1996 might share some related but opposing forcing mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms for the formation of these two extremes and quantitatively estimate the cloud-radiation-water vapor feedback to the sea-ice-concentration (SIC) variation utilizing satellite-observed sea-ice products and the NASA MERRA reanalysis. The low SIE in 2007 was associated with a persistent anticyclone over the Beaufort Sea coupled with low pressure over Eurasia, which induced anomalous southerly winds. Ample warm and moist air from the North Pacific was transported to the AOF and resulted in positive anomalies of cloud fraction (CF), precipitable water vapor (PWV), surface LWnet (down-up), total surface energy and temperature. In contrast, the high SIE event in 1996 was associated with a persistent low pressure over the central Arctic coupled with high pressure along the Eastern Arctic coasts, which generated anomalous northerly winds and resulted in negative anomalies of above mentioned atmospheric parameters. In addition to their immediate impacts on sea ice reduction, CF, PWV and radiation can interplay to lead to a positive feedback loop among them, which plays a critical role in reinforcing sea ice to a great low value in 2007. During the summer of 2007, the minimum SIC is 31 % below the climatic mean, while the maximum CF, LWnet and PWV can be up to 15 %, 20 Wm^?2, and 4 kg m^?3 above. The high anti-correlations (?0.79, ?0.61, ?0.61) between the SIC and CF, PWV, and LWnet indicate that CF, PWV and LW radiation are indeed having significant impacts on the SIC variation. A new record low occurred in the summer of 2012 was mainly triggered by a super storm over the central Arctic Ocean in early August that caused substantial mechanical ice deformation on top of the long-term thinning of an Arctic ice pack that had become more dominated by seasonal ice.     

基于Track分析日本3·11地震对周围IGS站的影响

2011年3月11日日本宫城县(38.322°N,142.369°E)发生Ms9.0级地震,利用日本本岛及周围IGS站的观测数据,采用GPS静态定位、动态差分定位两种方法进行数据处理,计算出了若干站点地震前后的位移量。地壳变形分析结果表明:地震对周围IGS站的位移有不同程度的影响,最大可达到2.46m,所有观测站都向东方向运动,并且计算得出GPS速度场;通过选择较稳定的IGS站作为参考站,计算了2个观测站的动态变形,同时得到了地震波的传播速度。     

大珠母贝Pinctada maxima(Jameson)亲贝人工促熟培育与诱导排放精卵的研究

用亚心形扁藻Platymonassubcoriformis,湛江等鞭藻Isochrysiszhanjiangensis及某些配合饲料培育大珠母贝pinctadamaxima(Jameson)亲贝,可以促进性腺发育成熟并保持易于诱导排放状态。在需要进行人工育苗时,给亲贝以一定的刺激,即可诱导产卵排精。采用这种方法进行大珠母贝人工育苗,受精率和活率都比剖贝取卵授精的方法高。而且不用杀死大珠母贝亲贝。     

拉萨地体南缘早始新世荣玛辉长岩年代学、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

印度-欧亚大陆初始碰撞后的新特提斯洋板片断离过程至今尚未得到较好的约束.对拉萨地体南缘荣玛地区早始新世辉长岩开展了锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主微量及Sr-Nd同位素分析,探讨了岩石成因及动力学意义,以进一步约束新特提斯洋板片断离过程.研究结果表明,荣玛辉长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为51±1 Ma,形成于早始新世;地球化学特征显...     

光学亮星系大尺度分布中的多级结构

本文在Wen等人工作的基础上,对CfA红移巡天样本中银道以北和以南天区中星系的大尺度分布分别进行了分维计算并比较其所得结果。分析表明,这两个区域内星系的大尺度分布存在显著差异。说明CfA样本还不能构成代表宇宙大尺度结构的好样本。另一方面,两个区域中样本分析结果又存在着一些明显的共同点:它们都表现出明显的多级分形特征。结合对IRAS星系红移巡天样本和星系分立小天区红移巡天样本的分析结果。我们认为,多级分形很可能是宇宙大尺度结构的一个普遍和重要的特征。本文对这一特征的含义也作了简略的讨论。