The first extra-large helium-rich gas field identified in a tight sandstone of the Dongsheng Gas Field,Ordos Basin,China

Science China Earth Sciences - Helium gas is a scarce but important strategic resource, which is usually associated with natural gas. Presently, only one extra-large helium-rich gas field has been...     

Changes in soil organic carbon and its active fractions in different desertification stages of alpine-cold grassland in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

In recent years, the desertification of alpine-cold grasslands has become increasingly serious in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China, but it has not received the same amount of attention as has desertification in (semi)arid areas. Little is thus known about the change in soil organic carbon (SOC) during alpine-cold grassland desertification. To quantify the impacts of desertification on vegetation, SOC and its active fractions in alpine-cold grasslands, areas of light desertified grassland, medium desertified grassland, heavy desertified grassland, serious desertified grassland, and nondesertified grassland were selected as experimental sites in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China. The species number, height and coverage of vegetation were surveyed, and the soil particle fractions, SOC and SOC active fractions (including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and labile organic carbon (LOC) were measured to a depth of 0–100 cm. The results showed that alpine-cold grassland desertification resulted in a significant reduction in vegetation cover, plant biomass, fine soil particles, SOC, DOC, LOC and MBC. The decreases in DOC, LOC and MBC were more rapid and apparent than were those in SOC, and the decrease in MBC was the most obvious among them. The rates of reduction in SOC concentrations accelerated as desertification progressed; most of the SOC was lost in the middle and later desertification stages, with lower losses during early desertification. The results indicate that active SOC fractions, particularly MBC, are more sensitive to desertification and can be used as sensitive indicators of desertification. Efforts to limit desertification and reduce SOC loss in alpine-cold grasslands should focus on early desertification stages and adopt strategies to prevent overgrazing and control the erosion of soil by wind.     

非地转湿Q矢量在台风暴雨预报中的应用试验

利用NCEP/NCAR全球格点资料和TRMM卫星资料,采用改进后的非地转湿Q矢量,对0908号台风“莫拉克”引起的台湾南部特大暴雨过程进行预报应用试验.试验结果表明:(1) 850hPa高度层的非地转湿Q矢量散度及水汽通量散度分布可以预报未来24 h暴雨的落区及其雨带的分布,暴雨发生在Q矢量散度梯度大值区靠近辐合区域,...     

山区水库水面气温与太阳辐射的修正及应用

考虑到山区水库库面气象要素受周围地形影响, 结合前人的研究, 库区气温计算方法采用回归余项法并计入地形影响, 而对于库区水面上的太阳辐射计算, 则采用了平行山脊坡地上的简化算法。应用结果表明:由经度、纬度、海拔高度和大地形影响等4项建立的多元线性回归气温方程拟合效果显著; 并用同时期盐边气象站的资料进行检验, 检验精度在0.5℃以内。与平地相比, 在山区地形影响下的二滩库区水面太阳辐射有一定程度的改变量, 同时不同河岸坡度对水库水面接收的太阳辐射有较大影响。该方法有效揭示了山区月平均温度和太阳辐射的时空变化。修正后的气温和太阳辐射符合山区实际情况。     

银根-额济纳旗及邻区石炭-二叠系的沉积特征及石油地质意义

长期以来,由于埋藏深、地质复杂及自然条件恶劣等原因,银根-额济纳旗及邻区石炭系-二叠系的油气勘查程度低,相关研究成果少.鉴于此,本文充分利用研究区的周缘露头,借助近30条剖面的详细调查,分析了本区石炭系-二叠系的沉积特征.研究表明,本区石炭系-二叠系包括了泥岩、砂岩、砂砾岩、碳酸盐岩和火山岩(或火山碎屑岩)等,海相生物丰富.暗色泥岩是石炭系-二叠系的主体,是潜在的烃源岩和盖层;火山岩(或火山碎屑岩)发育,碳酸盐岩多呈透镜状且硅化普遍,砂砾岩相对较少,三者构成石炭系-二叠系重要储层.岩石组成及展布特征表明,石炭纪-二叠纪期间,本区张裂频繁,火山作用强烈,远离陆源区,水体深而宁静,利于生烃物质发育.期间,区内主要发育了浅海相、广海海岸相、碳酸盐台地相、辫状三角洲相、扇三角洲相和火山喷发相等沉积类型.其中,浅海相和局限海岸相主要形成了烃源岩和盖层,其他沉积则形成了储层,为区内石炭系-二叠系造就了良好的油气地质条件.     

东昆仑造山带低山头花岗岩体岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

低山头一带花岗岩体归属东昆仑弧盆系北昆仑岩浆弧带,位于东昆仑成矿带伯喀里克—香日德成矿亚带东昆仑造山带中段,岩石类型主要为石英闪长岩、正长花岗岩及二长花岗岩。为了加强该地区花岗岩体岩石地球化学与成岩成矿背景探讨,对花岗岩体开展了主量元素、微量元素及矿质元素研究。主量元素组成上,石英闪长岩具中硅（57.64%和58.47%）、富钠（Na₂O/K₂O均为2.57）特点,正长花岗岩具高硅（75.45%~75.99%）、富钾（Na₂O/K₂O为0.74~0.94）特点,二长花岗岩具高硅（66.80%~73.45%）、富钠（Na₂O/K₂O为1.50~2.13）特点;花岗岩体铝饱和指数A/CNK<1,为准铝质岩浆岩;碱饱和指数NK/A集中在0.26~0.69之间,属钙碱性岩石;里特曼组合指数σ₄₃在1.18~2.31之间,属钙碱性类型。花岗岩体轻稀土元素相对重稀土元素富集,岩浆分异特征明显,大离子亲石元素（LILE）富集Rb、K、Ba、Th、Sr、Nd,仅正长花岗岩Sr亏损,高场强元素（HFSE）富集Zr、Hf、Ce,而Nb、P、Ti明显亏损,源区物质为壳幔混合物质,属挤压应力环境中同碰撞I型花岗岩。在岩体实测剖面中获得11种元素分析数据,与青海全省、东昆仑成矿带及其亚成矿带平均元素丰度值进行对比,初步划分不同岩性、不同类型、不同时代花岗岩,以及富集的含矿元素为Au、Zn、Y、Pb等。与区域有成矿事实且为I型花岗岩成因进行对比,认为研究区有较好的找矿前景。     

南极普里兹湾附近海域表层海流特征分析

利用第29次南极科考期间在普里兹湾海区释放的8个Argos漂流浮标所获的总计662 d的数据,对普里兹湾及其邻近海域的表层海流特征进行了分析,并和以前的研究结果进行对比,结果表明:普里兹湾西部和北部表层海流基本呈现向西的流动,说明此地区的表层海流以沿南极大陆的逆时针沿岸流为主。普里兹湾东部海流呈现先向南再向西或先向南再向北的流动,普里兹湾西北部海流呈现向南的流动。8个浮标平均流速在0.02—0.20 m·s~(-1)之间,最大流速为1.57 m·s~(-1),流速1.0 m·s~(-1)的大流速区主要集中在普里兹湾、克洛斯角外侧、达恩利角外侧海域,流速1.5 m·s~(-1)的大流速区只出现在普里兹湾、克洛斯角外侧两处海域。     

Quick Bird遥感影像的几何校正

以高分辨率的Quick Bird卫星数据为对象,经影像信息融合,使处理后的图像分辨率提高且接近真彩色,具有良好的判识效果;选择若干个GPS地面控制点作为参考点,以遥感图像处理软件ER Mapper6.2为平台,对图像进行二次多项式几何精校正,纠正后的图像点位误差在lm左右,说明纠正后的图像具有较高的几何精度.     

关于太古宙—元古宙界线的新认识

２５００Ｍａ作为太古宙－元古宙界线的提议被２８届国际地质大会通过，但并不意味着２５００Ｍａ作为太古宙－元古宙界线是永恒的最佳选择。事实上，太古宙－元古宙界线划在何处还存在很多争论，现行的界线划分依据也期分期标准相悖。大量资料表明），２３００Ｍａ时曾发生全球地质环境的灾变，灾变前后的地质作用（尤其是表生地质作用），有明显变化，导致了太古宙与元古宙的一系列差别。该灾变与元古宙－显生宙，古生代－中生代，     

Degrading river network due to urbanization in Yangtze River Delta

Evolution of river systems under the background of human activities has been a heated topic among geographers and hydrologists. Spatial and temporal variations of river systems during the 1960s–2010s in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) were investigated based on streams derived from the topographic maps in the 1960s, 1980s and 2010s. A list of indices, drainage density (Dd), water surface ratio (WSR), ratio of area to length of main streams (R), evolution coefficient of tributaries (K) and box dimension (D), were classified into three types (quantitative, structural, and complex indices) and used to quantify the variations of stream structure. Results showed that: (1) quantitative indices (Dd, WSR) presented decreasing trend in the past 50 years, and Dd in Wuchengxiyu, Hangjiahu and Yindongnan have decreased most, about 20%. Structurally, the Qinhuai River basin was characterized by significant upward R, and K value in Hangjiahu went down dramatically by 46.8% during the 1960s–2010s. Decreasing tendency in D was found dominating across the YRD, and decreasing magnitude in Wuchengxiyu and Hangjiahu peaks for 7.8% and 6.5%, respectively in the YRD. (2) Urbanization affected the spatial pattern of river system, and areas with high level of urbanization exhibited least Dd (2.18 km/km²), WSR (6.52%), K (2.64) and D (1.42), compared to moderate and low levels of urbanization. (3) Urbanization also affected the evolution of stream system. In the past 50 years, areas with high level of urbanization showed compelling decreasing tendency in quantitative (27.2% and 19.3%) and complex indices (4.9%) and trend of enlarging of main rivers (4.5% and 7.9% in periods of the 1960s–1980s and the 1980s–2010s). In the recent 30 years, areas with low level of urbanization were detected with significant downward trend in Dd and K. (4) Expanding of urban land, construction of hydraulic engineering and irrigation and water conservancy activities were the main means which degraded the river system in the YRD.