Analysis on Link Between the Macroscopic and Microscopic Air–Water Properties in Self-Aerated Flows

Self-aeration in high-speed free surface flows occurs commonly and is of interest to ocean engineering, hydraulic engineering, and environmental engineering. For two-phase air–water flows, macroscopic air–water flow properties develop gradually, accompanied by the change of microscopic air–water structures. In this article, representational experimental studies on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of self-aerated open-channel flows are summarized and compared. The isolated effect of the flow Reynolds number and air quantity on the differences in air count rate and chord size are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the characterized flow depth y₅₀, affected by the turbulence transfer, is a specific criterion to distinguish the interior air–water structure development. Two distinct linear trends of self-aeration are found, depending on the y₅₀/y₉₀ variation with a breaking point at C_mean = 0.50. The air count rate and size scale in self-aerated flows are affected by the air quantity of self-aerated flows, even with identical flow Reynolds numbers. Thus, a specific parameter is proposed to assess the air–water structures and a series of self-similarity relationships in self-aeration properties are obtained. The link between macroscopic and microscopic air–water properties results in significant scale effect on air–water structures in self-aerated flows.     

Recent satellite-derived sea ice volume flux through the Fram Strait: 2011–2015

The Fram Strait(FS) is the primary region of sea ice export from the Arctic Ocean and thus plays an important role in regulating the amount of sea ice and fresh water entering the North Atlantic seas. A 5 a(2011–2015) sea ice thickness record retrieved from Cryo Sat-2 observations is used to derive a sea ice volume flux via the FS. Over this period, a mean winter accumulative volume flux(WAVF) based on sea ice drift data derived from passivemicrowave measurements, which are provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center(NSIDC) and the Institut Francais de Recherche pour d'Exploitation de la Mer(IFREMER), amounts to 1 029 km~3(NSIDC) and1 463 km~3(IFREMER), respectively. For this period, a mean monthly volume flux(area flux) difference between the estimates derived from the NSIDC and IFREMER drift data is –62 km~3 per month(–18×10~6 km~2 per month).Analysis reveals that this negative bias is mainly attributable to faster IFREMER drift speeds in comparison with slower NSIDC drift data. NSIDC-based sea ice volume flux estimates are compared with the results from the University of Bremen(UB), and the two products agree relatively well with a mean monthly bias of(5.7±45.9) km~3 per month for the period from January 2011 to August 2013. IFREMER-based volume flux is also in good agreement with previous results of the 1990 s. Compared with P1(1990/1991–1993/1994) and P2(2003/2004–2007/2008), the WAVF estimates indicate a decline of more than 600 km~3 in P3(2011/2012–2014/2015). Over the three periods, the variability and the decline in the sea ice volume flux are mainly attributable to sea ice motion changes, and second to sea ice thickness changes, and the least to sea ice concentration variations.     

Investigation and evaluation of contamination in dredged reclaimed land in China

Large-scale reclamation projects have been developing rapidly in China’s coastal lands since 2000. In this study, the scale and pollutant contents of reclaimed lands were collected from published data and field surveys. Over 80% of the gross area was formed using hydraulic reclaimed technology. The pollution index, geoaccumulation index, and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) of 13 pollutant types were calculated based on the collected data. The potential pollution within major newly reclaimed lands was evaluated with valid pollutant data from sediments of the neighboring water. All reclaimed lands larger than 30?km² were slightly to seriously polluted with Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, and Ni according to NIPI. The reclaimed fields in Hengsha Island, Binhai Tower, and Lingang New City of Shanghai were selected as verification sites for the pollution evaluations. The Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni concentrations in dredged soils determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed a generally good soil quality within the typical reclaimed fields. Principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses indicated that the relatively high As content in the reclaimed soils was due to the internal pollutants of dredging fills and originated from anthropogenic sources.     

Effect of binary fraction on color-magnitude diagram of NGC 1904

The age of a southern globular cluster in Milky Way, NGC 1904, was shown to be larger than the typical age of the universe, around 13.7 Gyr, by some photometric studies which assumed all stars as single stars. Besides the uncertainties in photometry, isochrone and fitting technique, the neglect of binary stars possibly distorted the result. We study the effect of binary fraction on the color-magnitude diagram (CMD) of NGC 1904, via a new tool for CMD studies, \(\mathit{Powerful}\)\(\mathit{CMD}\), which can determine binary fraction, age, metallicity, distance modulus, color excess, rotating star fraction and star formation history simultaneously. We finally obtain the youngest age of \(14.1\pm2.1~\mbox{Gyr}\) with a zero-age binary fraction of 60 percent for cluster NGC 1904. The result is consistent with the age of the universe. Although our result suggests that binary fraction affects the determination of age slightly, it can improve the fitting to observed CMD, in particular blue stragglers. This suggests us to consider the effect of binaries in the studies of star clusters.     

四元体系(LiCl + NaCl + Li2SO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O)在75℃等温蒸发相平衡实验与理论研究

梯度太阳能池技术在盐湖化工中是一种经济分离无机盐产品的方法,本文创新性的采用等温蒸发法,模拟四元体系(LiCl + NaCl + Li2SO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O)在75℃等温蒸发相平衡,指导太阳池深池积温分离提取锂盐产品。实验测定了溶解度和溶液密度、pH值等物化性质,并绘制了干盐相图、水图和物化性质组成图。在该四元体系干盐相图中包含3个四元共饱点,7条单变量蒸发曲线和5个结晶区,分别为NaCl,Na2SO4,复盐Li2SO4·Na2SO4,Li2SO4·H2O和LiCl·H2O。采用 Pitzer模型和改进的HMW公式,拟合出该四元体系在75℃时的Pitzer单盐参数、混合离子作用参数和平衡固相的热力学平衡常数,并计算给该四元体系的相图,计算相图和实验相图有较大区别。等温蒸发相图能真实的反应盐湖中盐类沉积规律,并对指导太阳池分离盐类具有重要指导意义。     

赣江流域多种数据同化方案的径流模拟比较

为了探讨水文模型在不同水文数据同化方案下的径流模拟差异,本文采用集合卡尔曼滤波算法,以遥感蒸散发产品、实测径流为观测数据,构建了基于新安江模型的数据同化框架。基于此框架设计了4种不同同化方案(DA-ET、DAET(K)、DA-ET-Q、DA-ET-Q(K))以及1种对照方案OL,以赣江流域开展实例研究,评估了水文数据同化中遥感蒸散发产品的时间分辨率、模型蒸散发相关参数时变与否以及多源数据同化对径流模拟的影响。结果表明:在DA-ET方案下,同化两种不同时间分辨率的蒸散发产品均能提高模型整体的径流模拟精度,且时间分辨率更高的产品的同化效果更好;在DA-ET方案的基础上,考虑加入实测径流进行同化能够提升模型径流模拟精度,且DA-ET(K)与DA-ET-Q(K)方案所得径流相对误差的减幅均超过了20%,说明在蒸散发同化过程中同时考虑蒸散发参数动态变化的结果更优;相较于OL方案,4种同化方案均能不同程度地提高模型对径流高水部分的模拟能力,但DA-ET-Q(K)方案表现最差,而其余方案差异并不显著。本研究有助于进一步了解不同数据同化方案在径流模拟中的差异,从而为水资源高效利用与科学管理提供科学依据...     

塔北隆起深层碎屑岩优质储层形成主控因素

近几年,在塔里木盆地塔北隆起深层碎屑岩储层中发现了一定规模的油气资源,研究深层优质储层形成主控因素及分布,一直是本区深层油气勘探的关键问题。本文应用岩芯观察、粒度分析、普通薄片、铸体薄片、阴极发光薄片等技术方法,通过对塔北隆起英买力地区深层白垩系巴西改组优质储层特征的研究,结果表明巴西改组具有沉积水动力强、杂基含量少、砂岩压实不充分、胶结物主要为方解石胶结物及溶蚀作用发育等特点。在沉积条件和成岩条件对深层储层物性发育控制作用分析的基础上,认为形成现今深层优质储层的原因主要有三个方面:①好的原始沉积条件为深层优质储层发育提供基础;②压实作用不充分保存了较高的粒间体积百分比(IGV),为深层高孔隙储层发育提供条件,而压实不充分的原因是早期发育的胶结物抵御了一部分上覆垂向有效应力和深埋时间短;③大量方解石胶结物的溶蚀对深层优质储层形成具有重要作用。     

The Inclusions in Superdeep Diamonds: Indication and Response to Deep Mantle Physical and Chemical Environment

Superdeep diamonds and their inclusions are important samples to probe the physical and chemical environment and constitution of Earth’s deep mantle. By combining the studies of high-precision in-situ analysis and HPHT synthetic diamond experiments, and by reviewing the new discovery of classical mineral inclusions and their combinations, the ranges of different inclusion combinations, as well as the relationship between trace elements and temperature-pressure conditions were reoriented. The so-called nominally anhydrous minerals combinations, metal phases and redox environments in superdeep mantle were also affirmed. Meanwhile,the recent findings of inclusions and isotopes in superdeep diamonds support the fact that the remaining subduction ocean crust may be a significant reservoir of the deep mantle’s water and the deep mantle carbon cycle is closely related to oceanic subduction. Furthermore, although Chinese scholars have discovered some kinds of superdeep inclusions in diamonds from North China Craton and Yangtze Craton, and made considerable progress in the study of the formation of UHP diamonds and the genesis of ophiolite diamonds, there are still many scientific questions about superdeep diamonds that require further research.     

基于多普勒雷达资料对高原强雷暴冰雹天气个例分析

通过对高原地区一次强对流天气过程的天气形势、物理量、雷达回波强度等资料的综合分析得出,高海拔地区雹云演变有初生、发展、成熟、减弱四个阶段,回波由弱、零散、豆点状、无组织的对流单体变为强、组织有序的飑线,回波中心强度达到60dbz以上,回波顶高度超过12.0km,50dbz强回波上界超过8km.